First of all, a paragraph must have a center, that is, the theme idea, which is expressed through topic sentences, especially the theme. The whole paragraph must stick to the theme (stick to or grasp the theme), which is the unity of the paragraph. Secondly, a paragraph must have several extended sentences, so that the theme can be fully developed, thus giving readers a complete feeling, which is completeness or sufficiency. Furthermore, a paragraph is not chaotic, but organically combined, the order of sentences must be logical, and the transition between sentences must be smooth, which is coherence. Below we will explain these three standards separately.

1, unified

Every sentence in a paragraph should be subordinate to a center, and any sentence that is outside the central idea is not desirable. Please look at the following example:

Joe and I decided to take the long trip across the country that we always wanted. We bought our camper like young children and filled it with the necessities of life. Bella baked the best rhubarb pie. We set out from Minneapolis in early spring and crossed the northern United States westward. We all like the people we met in the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we like the warm southern region very much, so we decided to stay in New Mexico.

The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence of this paragraph, and its central idea is to travel long distances throughout the country. In this article, there are two incredible sentences. One is the best rhubarb pie baked by Bella, and this paragraph is about Joe and me. It is not appropriate to have Bella in the middle. In addition, Joe received a watch in his retirement restaurant. Look at another example:

My name is Rosanna, and I like to keep healthy. I used to weigh 200 pounds, but I joined the YMCA fitness class and diet plan. Within a year, I lost 80 pounds. I feel much better, and I don't want to fight so many times on my five-foot frame anymore. I bought two new suitcases last week. I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty pounds and playing tennis for an hour every day. My mother is a premature baby.

The central idea of this paragraph is that I like to keep fit, but there are two unreasonable sentences in this paragraph. One is that I bought two new suitcases last week, and the other is that my mother is premature.

As can be seen from the above two examples, native speakers will also create Irish sentries. If there are too many such sentences on the paper, which leads to digression or digression, the problem will be more serious.

Step 2 be complete

As we said before, the theme of a paragraph is realized by popularizing sentences. If only the topic sentence is further explained and enriched without the extension sentence, a complete paragraph cannot be formed. Similarly, although there are promotional sentences, the theme idea has not been relatively satisfactorily explained, giving readers a feeling of wanting more. Such a paragraph cannot achieve its communicative function. For example:

Manual labor is a useful treatment for a confused brain. Work focuses your mind on a specific task. Besides, work is more useful-you produce something instead of more anxiety or depression.

The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence of this paragraph. Neither of the two extended sentences in this paragraph can answer the questions raised in the topic sentence. What is a "confused mind" and how can manual labor change this situation? Why can it play a therapeutic role? Readers can't get a clear answer. So to be complete, we must try to be concise. For example:

A good picture is worth a thousand words, which is not always correct. Often words are much clearer than pictures. Sometimes it is difficult to understand the meaning of a painting, but careful writers can almost always explain it clearly.

The theme expressed in the first sentence of the paragraph is a point of view, which must be verified by concrete examples. The above two extended sentences only use words to explain the theme, and the whole paragraph is empty, simple and unclear. If you use one or two concrete examples, you can explain the theme clearly. For example, the next paragraph:

A picture is worth a thousand words, which is not always correct. Sometimes, pictures are very useless things. If you can't swim, fall into the river and start drinking water, will you better hold up a photo of yourself drowning or start shouting "help"?

3, coherence (coherence)

Coherence includes two aspects: meaning connection and shape connection. The former refers to internal logic, while the latter refers to the use of conversion words. Of course, the two are often inseparable. If there is only formal connection without intentional connection, there is no internal organic connection between sentences; On the contrary, if there is only meaningful connection without formal connection, sometimes the writing is not smooth enough.

1), Italy

The arrangement of sentences in a paragraph should follow a certain order, and you can't write whatever comes to mind. If you don't think before writing, think while writing and stop writing, it is impossible to write a good article in one breath. Here are some common arrangements.

A. Timing

We had a few close calls that day. When we get up, it is obviously very late, so we must hurry so as not to miss breakfast. We know that the restaurant staff have strict requirements for closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we drove in the desert for nearly two hours-it must be near noon-the heat almost hid us; The radiator is boiling, so we have to use most of the drinking water to cool it. When we reached the mountain, it was already 6 o'clock, and we were exhausted. Here, we lost our judgment and began to climb to the top with difficulty, unaware that darkness suddenly came to the desert. Sure enough, at six o'clock, we began to struggle, and Andrew almost fell off a steep cliff, dragging me and Muhammad with him. At nine o'clock, when the wind roared through the flat rock shelf on the top of the mountain, we knew it was not our lucky day, because we trembled together to keep warm.

This paragraph begins with "Rose", then "Don't miss breakfast", "Close at nine o'clock", and then "Close to noon" until the end of the day ("till nine o'clock-").

B. space arrangement. For example:

From a distance, it looks like a thin tube, but when we get closer, we can see that it has become flesh and blood before our eyes. It's tubular, yes, but it's fatter than what we see from a distance. In addition, we are surprised to note that the building is actually divided into two parts: a pagoda is located at the top of the tubular single-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we will marvel at how much of this pagoda is made of glass windows. Under this wonderful China roof, almost everything is made of glass, unlike the four pipes on it. Due to the lack of light, the inside of the pipe is very dark. Then a steep and narrow staircase took us to the pagoda, and the light changed dramatically. All the windows let in a lot of sunlight, and we can see the flat land several miles away.

This paragraph is written from far and near, starting from "far away", then "closer", then "ten feet away" and finally "inside the pagoda" ... Of course, writing according to the distance of the position does not mean that it is all from far and near. According to the need, it can also be from near to far, from outside to inside and so on.

C. According to logical arrangement.

A. In order of importance

If you are a soda freak, of course, you don't need too many skills to express yourself effectively. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself is not so important. But once you take a step from the bottom up, your efficiency depends on your ability to communicate with others through oral or written language. The farther away your job is from manual labor, the bigger your organization is, and the more important it is for you to know how to express your ideas in writing or orally. In a very large business organization, whether it is the government, large companies or the military, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a person can possess.

This passage is about expression ability, and its importance is related to occupation and status, from "not needing much skill" or "not too important" to "more important" and finally "most important".

B. general to special arrangements

If a reader is lost, it is usually because the author is not careful enough to keep him on the right path. This negligence can take many forms. Perhaps a letter is so messy that the reader fumbles in the lengthy text and has no idea what it means. Perhaps the structure of a sentence is so poor that readers can read it in any of several ways. Maybe the author changed the tense or the pronoun in the sentence, so the reader will forget when this action happened or who was talking. Perhaps sentence B is not a logical continuation of sentence A-the connection in the author's mind is clear, but he didn't bother to provide the missing link. Maybe the author didn't bother to look up an important word, so he used it wrong. He may think that "sanguine" and "bloody" have the same meaning, but the difference is very big. The reader can only infer what the author wants to imply.

This passage is about a writer's carelessness. First give a general statement as a topic sentence, and then use five "maybe" as an example.

C. From special to general arrangement (special to general arrangement)

I don't understand why people confuse my Siamese cat Prissy with the cat Henry I had a few years ago. The two cats are only similar in breed. Prissy is a quiet and feminine cat. She loves me very much, but she doesn't possess me. She likes to keep her distance from others and exert her independence, from rudeness to rude begging, licking or smelling. Her usual posture is sitting straight, eyes closed and motionless. Prissy is a very orthodox cat. On the other hand, Henry loves me deeply, but he has me. He is my shadow from morning till night. He wants me to keep entertaining him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, no matter whether what he did was decent or not, and he often offended my friends in some way. The cat makes itself comfortable on the top of the TV, on the feet or legs of strangers, on the bed, in the drawer, in the sack, in the closet or in the corner. Strangers can't perceive the difference between them.

The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence of the paragraph. It only asks one question: Why are the two cats confused? Then compare the two and draw a conclusion in the last sentence.

2) forming a connection

The logic of writing often depends on the proper conversion of words and other means. Please read the following paragraph and find out the words before and after the connection:

Walter's goal in life is to be a successful surgeon. But first, he must finish high school, so he concentrates all his energy on his studies-especially biology, chemistry and mathematics. Because he constantly studied these topics, Walter became proficient; However, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides his chosen one. As a result, in his third year of high school, Walter failed in English and Latin. Therefore, he had to repeat these subjects and could hardly graduate on time. Finally, on June 6th, Walter took the first step towards achieving his goal.

The words in this paper are divided into two categories, one is transitional words or phrases, and the other is other connecting means. The former is: first, through, so, in the auxiliary word, and, because, anyway, the best, the result, both … and, considerate, finally. The latter are: him, him, his, his, his, these, them, him, those, him, him, these, his. There are 105 words in this paragraph, and 26 conversion words and other conjunctions are used, accounting for about a quarter of the total vocabulary in this paragraph. It can be seen that mastering the transition is not only conducive to the fluency of writing, but also conducive to students writing 120 words in half an hour.

If there is no transition in a paragraph, it is difficult to have coherence. Let's take a look at the following example:

Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speak by voice. Writing uses writing symbols. Language was developed about half a million years ago. Writing in ten languages is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The words used in writing are usually formal. Pronunciation and accent can often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are neglected in writing. The written language in most countries has standard wording and spelling system. Speech depends on gestures, loudness and the ups and downs of sound. Writing lacks gestures, loudness and voice rise and fall. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

In this paragraph, no transitional words are used except "it" which plays a transitional role at the beginning of the sixth sentence. In this way, there are many repeated words in the text, and the whole paragraph looks stiff and unnatural to read. If necessary transitional words are added to modify it, this paragraph will become the following smooth and coherent paragraph:

Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sound; On the other hand, writing uses writing symbols. There was a language about 500,000 years ago, but the written language was only recently developed and invented about 6,000 years ago. Speeches are usually informal, while writing words are usually relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent can usually tell us where the speaker comes from, they are ignored in wiring, because standard wording and spelling systems are common in most countries. Speech depends on gestures, loudness and voice, but writing lacks these characteristics. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

4. Several situations that are not conducive to consistency:

Candidates often make the following mistakes in writing:

1, change the tense unnecessarily, such as:

In this film, robert redford is a spy. He went to his office and found everyone dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he took refuge in Julie Christie. At her house, he had been waiting for the fever to subside, but they followed him.

2. Unnecessarily change the singular and plural, for example:

Everyone is looking for satisfaction in life. They want to be happy. But if he only seeks happiness in the short term, this person will soon lose happiness and life will catch up with him. They need to pursue deeper satisfaction in their work and interpersonal relationships.

3, unnecessary substitution, such as:

Now, parents need to know more about their children's activities than ever before, because modern life tends to lead to family division. You need to arrange a family like this so that family members can do things together and get to know each other. You need to give up your own isolated happiness and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor reunion, so sponsor knowledge.

So in writing, we must pay attention to whether the changes of tense, person and number are correct and consistent.

The writing format of English composition

English writing should conform to the writing norms, English letters should be clear, neat and beautiful, and the size and spacing of letters should be symmetrical. Writing should be beautiful, symmetrical and harmonious from beginning to end.

When writing English letters, you should master the correct order of strokes. For example, the letter I, you have to write the following part first, and then click it. Some students write from top to bottom according to the habit of writing Chinese characters. If they write fast, they will connect the dots with the following ten strokes, which is very awkward. The glyph T should be two strokes. But many people combine two strokes into one, which doesn't look like T, like L or E, and it is difficult to recognize. In addition, write R as V, Q as G, K as H and so on. It is a common problem in middle school students' writing.

Many people still have rules in writing on four lines and three squares of practice paper, and they can write according to the requirements of letter occupancy, height and size, but writing on white paper or horizontal paper is very naive and clumsy. Letters jump up and down, or they are all written at the same height. There is no difference between the letters in the upper middle square and the letters in the lower middle square. These phenomena should be prevented.

In addition, when writing, we should also pay attention to keeping a certain distance between words and not leaning together. The linking between letters should also conform to the habit and should not be used indiscriminately.

In a composition with a limited number of words, we should also pay attention to trying not to disassemble a word. In case of migration, it must be carried out in syllables. For example, the word revolution can be transferred in the following ways according to the principle of syllable transfer: re-, Revo- and Revolution-. In the process of migration, we should also pay special attention to the following points:

1. Monosyllabic words cannot be moved, even monosyllabic words with more letters, such as through, are no exception.

2. Abbreviations such as Mr. and Dr. cannot be separated from the following names.

Abbreviations, such as Britain, America, etc. Cannot be disassembled and moved.

3. Time, measurement and monetary units should be regarded as a whole; Can't move separately. Such as;

1 1: 00p.m. should be written in one line,11:00 and p.m. cannot be moved separately; When writing 38℃, you can't move 38 and℃ separately.

4. The date represented by "year, month and day" can only be separated from "year" if it must be moved separately. For example, 1 6th of the month and 1980 cannot separate 1 6th of the month from 1 6th of the month, but 1 6th of the month and 1980 can be divided into two lines.

5. For words with double consonants, take the consonants apart when moving. For example, the better can be disassembled into the better, and the necessary can be disassembled into the necessary.

But if the double-written consonant belongs to the root and is followed by a suffix, then the two consonants cannot be separated. If the drill is formed by adding something to the drill, it can't be broken down into drills, but only drills.

Example:

1. Pet:

A talkative parrot

A lady works in a company. There are many shops on her way to work. One morning, when she was walking to work, she passed a new pet shop. She was very excited when she saw a parrot sitting by the door. She really likes birds.

When she stopped to look at the beautiful bird, it said to her, "Hey, lady, you are so ugly."

This made the lady very angry. She left the shop for work soon. On her way home, she passed the same pet shop again. This time the parrot saw her again, and it immediately said:

"Hey lady, you are so ugly!"

The lady tried to control herself. She went to the shopkeeper and told him that if the parrot said it again, she would ask the police to take it away. "I'm sorry, madam. I promise it won't happen again, "said the shopkeeper.

The next morning, when the lady walked past the pet store, she pretended not to see it. But the parrot saw her at once and said to her quickly, "Hey, lady."

She stopped and looked at the bird coldly. "Really?" She answered in an angry voice.

The bird sat up straight and smiled at her and said, "You know."

2. Personnel:

Elizabeth bennet (Elizabeth)

Elizabeth, the second daughter of Bennet family, is also the most intelligent and witty person. She is the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice and one of the most famous female characters in English literature. Her admirable qualities are numerous-she is cute and intelligent, and in a novel defined by dialogue, she talks as well as anyone else. Her honesty, virtue and lively wit enable her to transcend the nonsense and bad behavior of her class-restricted and often malicious society. Nevertheless, her sharp words and tendency to make hasty judgments often lead her astray; Pride and Prejudice is essentially a story about how she (and her true love Darcy) overcame all obstacles, including their own shortcomings, to find romance and happiness. Elizabeth not only has to deal with a desperate mother, an estranged father, two misbehaving brothers and sisters, and several snobbish and hostile women, but also has to overcome her false impression of Darcy, which initially led her to reject his proposal. Fortunately, her charm is enough to keep him interested in her, and at the same time, she can control the turmoil of family and society. As she gradually realized the noble character of Darcy, she realized that her initial prejudice against him was wrong.

Elizabeth is the second daughter of the Bennett family, the cleverest one, the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice, and one of the most famous female characters in English literature. Her admirable qualities are numerous-she is cute and intelligent, and in this novel defined by dialogue, she talks as Kan Kan as anyone. Her honesty, virtue and lively wisdom make her transcend nonsense and pervade her bad behavior and often malicious society. However, her clever tongue and tendency often make hasty judgments, which leads her to lose her way; Pride and Prejudice is essentially a story about how she (and her true love Darcy) overcame personal failure-found all obstacles-including romantic happiness. Elizabeth has to face not only a desperate mother, an estranged father, two younger brothers and sisters, but also several snobbish and confrontational women. She must also overcome Darcy's own false impression and initially guide her to refuse his proposal. Fortunately, her charm is enough to keep him interested while she causes family and social unrest. When she gradually realized the noble character of Arriving West, she realized her initial prejudice against him.