Who's linus carl pauling? - Education and Training Encyclopedia

Who's linus carl pauling?

Linus Carl Pauling

Linus Calpauling (1901February 28th-1August 99419) is a famous American chemist and one of the pioneers of quantum chemistry and structural biology. 1954 won the nobel prize in chemistry for his work on chemical bonds, and 1962 won the nobel peace prize for opposing the ground test of nuclear bombs, becoming one of the two people who won different nobel prizes.

Chinese name: Linus Karl Pauling.

mbth:linuscalpauling

Nationality: USA

Place of birth: Portland, Oregon, USA

Date of birth:1901February 28th.

Date of death:1August 1994 19.

Occupation: chemist

Main achievements: 1954 nobel prize in chemistry.

1962 Nobel Peace Prize

Masterpiece: the essence of chemical bond

Character experience

fastrack

On February 28th, Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, USA. 1 1 years old, smart and studious. 1 year-old, he met Jevles, a psychology professor. Jevles has a private laboratory, and he has done many interesting chemical demonstration experiments for young Pauling, which made Pauling love chemistry from an early age. This love made him embark on the road of learning chemistry.

When Pauling was in middle school, he got good grades in all subjects, especially chemistry, which was always the first in his class. He is often immersed in chemical experiments in the laboratory and determined to become a chemist. 19 17, Pauling was admitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering of Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University) with excellent results. He hopes to finally realize his dream by studying college chemistry. Pauling's family is poor. His father is just an ordinary pharmacist, and his mother is ill. The family's economic income is meager and living conditions are poor. Due to financial difficulties, Pauling dropped out of college for a year and earned his own tuition. After returning to school, he did odd jobs to maintain his study and life, worked as an experimenter for an analytical chemistry teacher, and worked as an experimental class for the first grade in the fourth grade.

Pauling studied hard under difficult conditions. He is very interested in the theory of chemical bonds, and at the same time, he has carefully studied many disciplines such as atomic physics, mathematics and biology. This knowledge laid a solid foundation for Pauling's future research work. 1922, Pauling graduated from university with honors, and was admitted to the graduate school of California Institute of Technology under the guidance of the famous chemist Noyce. Noyce is good at physical chemistry and analytical chemistry, and his knowledge is very profound. He is obedient and amiable to his students, and the students evaluate him as "very good at encouraging students to love chemistry".

Noyce told Pauling not to stop at books, to think independently and to learn physics knowledge related to chemistry. 1923, Noyce wrote a new book called Principles of Chemistry. Before the book was officially published, he asked Pauling to do all the exercises in the book during a holiday. Pauling spent a holiday and finished all the exercises accurately. Noyce read Pauling's homework and was very satisfied. Noyce admired Pauling very much and introduced him to many famous chemists, which made him quickly enter the social environment of academia. This is very useful for Pauling's future development. Under the guidance of Noyce, Pauling completed the first scientific research project to determine the crystal structure of pyrolusite (mosz). Pauling measured a lot of data by modulated ray diffraction, and finally determined the structure of mosz. This work is very good, which not only shows his advantages in chemistry, but also enhances his confidence in scientific research.

At California Institute of Technology, Pauling received careful guidance from Dickinson and tolman. Dickinson was proficient in radiochemistry and crystal chemistry, and tolman was proficient in physical chemistry. The careful guidance of these tutors further broadened Pauling's knowledge and established a reasonable knowledge structure. 1925, Pauling received his doctorate in chemistry with excellent results. He systematically studied the relationship between the composition, structure and properties of chemical substances, and also discussed the relationship between certainty and randomness from the methodology. He is most interested in the material structure. He believes that people's in-depth understanding of the material structure will help people fully understand the chemical movement.

After receiving his doctorate, Pauling went to Europe in February 1926 and worked in Sophie's laboratory for one year. Then I worked in Bohr Lab for half a year, and also went to Schrodinger and Debye Lab. These academic studies made Pauling have a deep understanding of quantum mechanics, and also strengthened his confidence in solving chemical bond problems with quantum mechanics. From graduate school to studying in Europe, Pauling contacted world-class experts and directly faced the frontier problems of science, which was crucial to his later academic achievements.

Chemical contribution

From 65438 to 0927, Pauling returned to the United States after studying in Europe for two years and served as an assistant professor of theoretical chemistry in Pasadena. In addition to teaching quantum mechanics and its application in chemistry, he also teaches crystal chemistry and gives academic lectures on the nature of chemical bonds. 1930, Pauling went to Europe again to study radiation technology in Prague laboratory, and later went to Munich to study electron diffraction technology. After returning to China, he was hired as a professor by California Institute of Technology.

Pauling encountered the problem of explaining the regular tetrahedron structure of methane when exploring the chemical bond theory. According to the traditional theory, atoms have unpaired electrons in the outer layer before they combine. If these unpaired electrons spin antiparallel, they can form electron pairs in pairs and form valence bonds between atoms. Once an electron is paired with another electron, it cannot be paired with a third electron. When atoms combine with each other to form molecules, they depend on the theory that the outer orbits of atoms overlap. The more overlap, the more stable the valence bond formed, which cannot explain the regular tetrahedron structure of methane.

In order to explain the regular tetrahedron structure of methane. In order to explain the equivalence of four bonds of carbon atoms, Pauling put forward the hybrid orbital theory in 1928- 193 1 year. The theory is based on the fact that the motion of electrons is not only granular, but also fluctuating. And the waves can be superimposed. Therefore, Pauling believes that when a carbon atom bonds with four hydrogen atoms around it, the orbit used is not the original S orbit or P orbit, but a "hybrid orbit" formed by their mixing and superposition. The energy and direction distribution of this hybrid orbit are symmetrical and balanced. The regular tetrahedron structure of methane is well explained by hybrid orbital theory.

In the theory of organic chemical structure, Pauling also put forward the famous "* * * vibration theory", which is intuitive and easy to understand, and is easily accepted in chemistry teaching, so it is popular. Before the1940s, this theory had an important influence, but by the1960s, in the centralized country represented by the Soviet Union, the chemists' psychology was also distorted and deformed. They don't know what scientific freedom is, and they are right.

Pauling creatively put forward many new concepts when studying quantum chemistry and other chemical theories. The application of concepts such as valence radius, metal radius and electronegativity scale is of great significance to the development of modern chemistry and condensed matter physics. In 1932, Pauling predicted that inert gases could combine with other elements to form compounds. The outermost layer of inert gas atoms is filled with eight electrons, forming a stable electron layer, which can not be combined with other atoms according to traditional theory. But Pauling's view of quantum chemistry holds that heavier inert gas atoms may form compounds with those elements that are particularly easy to accept electrons. This prediction was confirmed in 1962.

Pauling also pushed chemical research into the field of biology. He is actually one of the founders of molecular biology. He spent a lot of time studying the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, especially protein. In the early 1940s, he began to study amino acids and polypeptide chains, and found that two kinds of spirochetes may be formed in polypeptide chains, one is type A spirochete, and the other is type G spirochete. After research, he further pointed out that a helix depends on hydrogen bonds to maintain its shape, that is, the spiral winding of long peptide bonds is the result of hydrogen bonds formed by some hydrogen atoms in the long chain of amino acids. As an important form of protein's secondary structure, α-spirochete was confirmed on the crystal diffraction diagram, which laid a theoretical foundation for the spatial image of protein. These research results are the projects that Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.

After 1954, Pauling began to study the structure and function of the brain and put forward the molecular basis of anesthesia and psychosis. He believes that understanding the molecular basis of mental illness is helpful to the treatment of mental illness, thus bringing good news to mental patients. Pauling was the first person to put forward the concept of "molecular disease". Through research, he found that sickle cell anemia is a molecular disease, including molecular abnormalities of hemoglobin determined by mutant genes. That is, among many amino acid molecules of hemoglobin, if one glutamic acid molecule is replaced by valine, it will lead to the deformation of hemoglobin molecule and cause sickle anemia. Pauling concluded through research that sickle cell anemia is a molecular disease. He also studied molecular medicine and wrote a paper on molecular psychiatry in orthopedics, pointing out that the research of molecular medicine is of decisive significance for solving the mystery of memory and consciousness. Pauling has extensive knowledge and interests. He has extensively studied the frontier topics of natural science. He is engaged in the research of paleontology and genetics, hoping that this kind of research can reveal the mystery of the origin of life. He put forward the idea of nuclear model in 1965, and his model has many unique features.

Call for peace

Pauling resolutely opposes the use of scientific and technological achievements in wars, especially nuclear wars. He pointed out: "Science and peace are related, and scientific inventions have greatly changed the world, especially in the last century. Now, we have improved our knowledge, provided the possibility of eliminating poverty and hunger, provided the possibility of greatly reducing the pain caused by diseases, and provided the possibility of effectively utilizing resources to benefit mankind. " He believes that nuclear war may destroy the earth and mankind, and he calls on scientists to devote themselves to the peace movement. Pauling devoted a lot of time and energy to the research of preventing war and maintaining peace. His efforts for the cause of peace were hit by American conservative forces. In the early 1950s, the United States pursued McCarthyism, strictly censored him, suspected that he was an American, restricted him from giving lectures abroad, and interfered with his personal freedom. 1954, after Pauling won the Nobel Prize in chemistry, the American government was forced to lift the ban on him going abroad.

1955, Pauling and world-famous great scientists Einstein, Russell, Madame Curie, Born, etc. Signed a declaration calling on scientists to oppose the development of destructive weapons and wars and maintain peace. 1957 in may, Pauling drafted the declaration of scientists against nuclear experiments, which was signed by more than 2,000 American scientists in two weeks and 1 1000 scientists from 49 countries in just a few months. 1958, Pauling handed the Declaration on Anti-Nuclear Tests to UN Secretary-General Hammarskj? ld and petitioned the UN. In the same year, he wrote a book "No More War", which expounded the great threat of nuclear weapons to mankind with rich information.

From 65438 to 0959, Pauling, Russell and others founded a monthly magazine "One Man Less" in the United States, opposing war and advocating peace. In August of the same year, he attended the conference on banning atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs held in Hiroshima, Japan. Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize of 1962 for his contribution to the cause of peace. He delivered his acceptance speech on the topic of "Science and Peace", in which he pointed out: "In this new era of world history, world problems cannot be solved by war and violence, but by a way that is fair to all and equal to all countries in accordance with world laws." Finally, he called: "We should gradually build a world that is fair and reasonable to all mankind in economic, political and social aspects, and build a world culture commensurate with human wisdom." Pauling was a great scientist and fighter for peace, and his influence spread all over the world.

Erudition and academic contribution

valence bond theory

Pauling devoted himself to the study of chemical bonds from 1930, and published the valence bond theory in 193 1 February. Since then, he has published related papers one after another, and from 1939, he published an epoch-making book in the history of chemistry, The Essence of Chemical Bonds. This book completely changed people's understanding of chemical bonds, and sublimated it from an intuitive and imaginary concept to a quantitative and rational level. In less than 30 years after the publication of this book, * * * has been cited more than 16000 times, and there are still many high-level academic papers citing this book. Pauling won the 1954 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his outstanding contribution in explaining the nature of chemical bonds and the structure of complex compounds. Pauling's research on the nature of chemical bonds has led to the wide application of the concept of hybrid orbital. The hybrid orbital theory holds that in the process of forming chemical bonds, atomic orbitals recombine themselves to form hybrid orbitals to obtain the best bonding effect. According to the hybrid orbital theory, four valence electron orbitals of saturated carbon atoms, namely a 2S orbital and three 2p orbital beaks, are linearly combined into four completely equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. Quantum mechanical calculation shows that these four hybrid orbitals form a regular tetrahedron in space, thus successfully explaining the regular tetrahedron structure of methane.

electronegativity

In the process of studying the bond energy of chemical bonds, Pauling found that for homonuclear diatomic molecules, the bond energy of chemical bonds will change with the change of atomic number. In order to semi-quantitatively or qualitatively describe the bond energy of various chemical bonds and their changing trends, Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to describe the attraction of atomic nuclei to electrons, and proposed a calculation formula to quantitatively measure the electronegativity of atoms. The concept of electronegativity is simple, intuitive, clear and accurate in physical meaning, and it is still widely used so far, and it is one of the important indexes to describe the chemical properties of elements.

* * * vibration theory

Pauling's vibration theory is one of the most controversial chemical theories in the 20th century. It is also one of the basic theories of organic chemical structure. In order to solve the Schrodinger equation of chemical bonds in complex molecular systems, Pauling used variational method. On the premise that the position of the nucleus remains unchanged, all possible chemical bond structures of the system are proposed, and the corresponding wave functions of each structure are written. The true wave function of the system is expressed as a linear combination of all possible structural wave functions, and the wave function form with the lowest total energy of the system is obtained after variational method. In this way, the chemical bond structure of the system is a mixture of several different structures. In order to vividly explain the physical meaning of this calculation result, Pauling put forward the * * * oscillation theory, that is, the real electronic state of the system is one of these possible states, and the molecules oscillate between different chemical bond structures. Pauling successfully applied * * * vibration theory to explain the molecular structure of benzene, making * * * vibration theory one of the basic theories of organic chemical structure. 1950' s, the Soviet Union and China and other * * * producing countries launched a political criticism on * * * vibration theory, modern genetics and other scientific theories due to ideological considerations, and the * * * vibration theory was criticized as a typical idealism. Due to the influence of this political movement, the spread and development of quantum chemistry in capitalist countries almost came to a standstill. After 1980, the academic circles in these countries gradually broke the shackles of political factors on science and re-examined and accepted the idea of * * * vibration theory. In the field of quantum chemistry, with the appearance and development of molecular orbital theory, Pauling's chemical bond theory is gradually lagging behind because of its complexity and complexity in mathematical processing. As a relatively rough approximation, * * * vibration theory is rarely used, but in the field of organic chemistry, * * * vibration theory is still a powerful tool to explain the material structure, especially the electronic structure of * * * yoke system.

Structure and function of biological macromolecules

From 65438 to the mid-1930s, with the development of California Institute of Technology in the field of biology, Pauling was able to meet a group of biologists. During this period, Pauling became interested in the research on the structure of biomacromolecules that he was not interested in. Pauling's initial work in the field of biomacromolecules was to determine the structure of hemoglobin, and it was confirmed for the first time through experiments that the structure of hemoglobin was different when oxygen was obtained and oxygen was lost. In order to further accurately determine the structure of protein, Pauling first thought of the method of X-ray diffraction crystal structure testing which he was engaged in earlier. He introduced this method into the structural determination of protein, and deduced a formula for calculating the coordinates of heavy atoms in protein by diffraction patterns. Up to now, protein crystallization and X-ray diffraction experiments are still the main methods to determine the tertiary structure of proteins, and most protein with known structures are obtained by this method. Combined with the crystal diffraction pattern of hemoglobin, Pauling proposed that the peptide chains in protein are arranged in a spiral shape in space, which is the earliest α-spiral structure model. Some scholars in the history of science think that the DNA double helix structure model put forward by Watson and Crick was influenced by Pauling, but Pauling did not put forward the double helix because he was influenced by McCarthyism in the United States in the 1950 s, and missed an academic conference held in Britain and failed to see an important DNA crystal. In 195 1, Pauling combined his experimental research on hemoglobin and theoretical research on the chemical structure of peptide chain and peptide plane, and put forward the theory that α helix and β folding are the basic building blocks of protein's secondary structure. This theory has become one of the basic theories of biochemistry in the 20th century, with far-reaching influence. In addition, Pauling also put forward the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the complementary principle of antigen and antibody structure and the complementary principle of DNA replication, which played a very important role in the biochemical and medical fields in the 20 th century.

1On August 9, 994, linus pauling, a famous American scholar, died at his home in California at the age of 93. Pauling is the only scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice. He was once rated as one of the 20 most outstanding scientists in human history by the British weekly New Scientist, along with Newton, Madame Curie and Einstein. However, when reporting the news of Pauling's death, Reuters called him "one of the most respected and ridiculed scientists in the 20th century".

Other news

A "most respected" scientist is "most ridiculed" because he put forward a new view on the role of vitamins, especially advocating taking large doses of vitamin C.

Pauling is a "chemist, physicist, crystallographer, molecular biologist and medical researcher". He is not a doctor, but he has caused a long debate in the medical field.

Pauling published "Vitamin C and the Common Cold" on 1970 based on his years of research. It is believed in the book that taking more than 1000 mg of vitamin C every day can prevent colds; Vitamin c can resist viruses. This book was well received by readers and was rated as the best popular science book in the United States that year.

However, medical authorities strongly oppose Pauling's argument. Some said: "There is no evidence to support the view that vitamin C can prevent and treat colds." Some people say, "it's useless to prevent or relieve colds." The authorities also expressed their views. For example, the American Health Foundation warned readers: "The argument that taking more than 1000 mg of vitamin C every day can prevent colds is not sufficient." The American Medical Association also issued a statement: "Vitamin C can't prevent or treat colds!" Only a few medical scientists and hundreds of ordinary patients supported Pauling with their own experiences.

Pauling is surrounded. His attacker said that he was not a doctor at all and was not qualified to talk about using vitamin C to prevent colds. Others simply ridiculed him as a quack. Or he used vitamin C to prevent colds, which is a kind of propaganda for travelling doctors in Jianghu. People who respected him lamented that he was "restless" in his later years, saying that he could enjoy all the splendor, but he insisted on breaking into the medical profession. And it is too far from its own "mainstream" of chemistry.

However. Pauling doesn't care about this. 1979. He published a book "Cancer and Vitamin C" in cooperation with Dr. Cameron, suggesting that every cancer patient should take 10g (1g equals 1000mg) or more vitamin C every day, and suggesting that cancer patients "start taking large doses of vitamin C as soon as possible as an auxiliary means of routine treatment. They said: "We believe that this simple method will significantly improve the outcome of cancer treatment."

But ... medical authorities don't believe this view. Pauling applied to the National Cancer Institute of the United States for funding eight times to do further research through animal experiments, but every application of this world-famous scientist was rejected. He can only work with the support of many people. Even so. Authorities and authorities still claim that vitamin C has no value for cancer. At this time, there are still some patients who use their own examples to support Pauling's point of view.

1985, Pauling wrote another book about health and longevity. He introduced the specific steps of 12 when talking about "a method to improve health". The first one is: "take vitamin C 6 ~ 18 grams or more every day." Don't stop for a day. " He thinks. "The main feature of this regimen is to supplement vitamins", and he himself has been in business for many years. He said, "When I was writing this book at 1985. Take 4 tablets of nutrients and 18 grams of vitamin C every day. " Pauling thinks. No matter how old you are now, it is beneficial to take the best amount of vitamins every day (gradually increase the amount of vitamin C). He said: "From youth or middle age. Proper intake of vitamins and other nutrients and doing some fitness exercises can extend the life span of 25 to 35 years. " "If you have entered the old age, take proper vitamins and do some fitness exercises, you can expect to slow down the aging process and extend your life span by 65,438+05 or 20 years." His view that taking large doses of vitamin C can prolong life span was naturally rejected by the medical community.

The biggest controversy between medical authorities and Pauling lies in the dosage of vitamin C. Pauling believes that "for most adults, the optimal intake of vitamin C is in the range of 2.3 ~ 10g." If necessary, it can be increased to 20 grams, 30 grams or more per day. Pauling believes that whether it is to deal with viruses, cancer or anti-aging. The dosage of vitamin C should be much higher than the prescribed dosage at that time. So strictly speaking, the dispute over dosage is the key to the debate between the two sides.

Before Pauling's death, the food and nutrition commission, an authoritative organization in the United States, recommended a dose of vitamin C of 60 mg per day. Some nutritionists think that only 30 ~ 40 mg is enough. But the dosage that Pauling suggested to people is dozens to hundreds of times that suggested by experts. This will naturally be resolutely opposed by the medical profession. The president of the American Health Foundation clearly warned people: "So-called high-dose vitamin therapy must be avoided." An important reason why the medical profession opposes taking a large amount of vitamin C is that it can make people get kidney calculi. However, Pauling retorted: Although it is possible in theory, there is no case of kidney calculi caused by taking large doses of vitamin C in the medical literature. ..

Before Pauling died. The two sides always hold their own words and do not give in to each other.

I don't know whether it was intentional or unintentional until Pauling died. We have just seen a little change in the dose and function of vitamin C:

1In February 1995, the American Heart Association and some nutritionists suggested to the State Food and Drug Administration that the daily recommended amount of vitamin C should be increased from 60 mg to 250 ~ 1000 mg.

1In April 1996, scientists at the National Institutes of Health claimed that it is ideal for a person to take 200 mg of vitamin C every day, instead of 60 mg.

According to a survey reported in The New York Times 1996. 30% ~ 40% of Americans take vitamin C, of which 1/5 people take more than 1 g every day.

1997 10 The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that the researchers investigated 247 women aged 56-72, of whom 1 1% took vitamin C every day for more than 10 years, and none of these users had cataracts. Researchers believe that long-term vitamin C supplementation can reduce the risk of cataract by more than 77%-Pauling discussed this as early as 1985. However, the medical community didn't believe it at first.

In 2000, the Food and Nutrition Committee of the American Institute of Medicine assessed that it was safe for adults to take less than 2000 mg of vitamin C every day.

It is reported that according to 14 clinical trials, vitamin C 10g was taken orally every day for 3 years, and no kidney calculi 1 case was found. Now most people in the medical field think that. Vitamin c does have a certain effect on preventing and treating colds. The study found that. Men who consume 300 ~ 400 mg of vitamin C every day live six years longer than men who consume 60 mg or less.

Nowadays, many experts acknowledge that vitamin C has anticancer effect and can prevent many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. There are reports that. For 18 patients with advanced cancer, vitamin C 10 ~ 20g was given intravenously/kloc-0 once a day. Results After treatment for 1 week, 7 patients with systemic bone pain were obviously relieved.

This great debate on the role and dosage of vitamin C, in view of the influence of the United States and the popularity of both sides, has crossed national boundaries from the beginning and spread to the whole world. At first, almost all medical professionals from all over the world stood on the side of their American counterparts. Think back. Pauling argued with many medical authorities almost alone, and he was ridiculed and despised for it, which was unbearable for famous scholars and ordinary people. However, for more than 20 years, Pauling did not hesitate to stand up and defend his views. This courage and spirit of exploration are deeply admirable.

Today, many experts and scholars in the United States and other countries in the world have recognized or nearly recognized Pauling's point of view, but the debate is far from over. For example, some people think that vitamin C can fight cancer, while others think it will cause cancer. In short, the role and dosage of vitamin C still need to be studied.

It is true that whether some of Pauling's viewpoints are biased or not remains to be further tested in practice. Even if one day his argument is not perfect, his spirit of exploration is still worth learning. After all, there is no end to exploration. After all, science is not over yet, and there is no reason for us to stick to the rules. From this perspective, Pauling's other views are also worth pondering. He said: "it is right for doctors to be cautious in practicing medicine, but if medicine is to make progress, practicing medicine also needs to accept new ideas." "The doctor's opinion is not always correct. Although his intention is good, the patient has to make his own decision. "

Related books

Book information

Title: Pauling

Author: Chen Fajun Series: Xu Fei

Press: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press

Release date: 165438+20091October

Format: 16

Pricing: 29.00 yuan

brief Introduction of the content

Brief introduction of Pauling: linus carl pauling, an American biochemist who walked with the 20th century, 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. So far, he is the only scientist in the world who has won the Nobel Prize twice. In his life course of nearly a century, Pauling participated in and experienced many important scientific discoveries in the history of science in the 20th century, with outstanding achievements: he described the nature of chemical bonds for the first time; Discover the structure of protein; To reveal the causes of sickle cell anemia; Participate in the study of revealing DNA structure; He presided over some military scientific research projects during the Second World War; Promote the development of X-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, quantum mechanics, biochemistry, molecular psychiatry, nuclear physics, anesthesiology, immunology, nutrition and other disciplines.

Pauling wrote many things in his life. Pauling strives to compile some classic parts into a book, focusing on the master's exposition on human peace, scientific popularization and scientific method and innovation, hoping to open a window for readers to learn and understand the master's thoughts and innovation process, which can enlighten wisdom and nourish knowledge.

Library catalogue

Call for peace

Nobel Peace Prize Award Speech

The end of the war

The essence of nuclear war

Scientists call for peace.

The necessity of international agreement

Suggest peace research.

Russell-Einstein Declaration

Life and health

A healthy body needs good nutrition.

Photographing method for improving health level

Old concept of nutrition and new concept of nutrition.

The problem of two dietary methods

A happy life and a better world

An ideal way to treat cancer.

vitamin C

Vitamin c and immune system

Prevention of cancer

Vitamin c combined therapy