It is to point out that the questioner gives a complete topic and let the candidates write according to the requirements of the topic. This proposition is a traditional way of composition examination. Such as "more precious than money" and "it is enough to know after learning". The key to writing this kind of propositional composition lies in how to examine the topic and grasp the eye of the topic. Generally speaking, as long as you understand the meaning of the topic and the author's intention, it is easier to write. As far as argumentative writing is concerned, the intention of a full-proposition composition is generally implied (or implied) in the topic, and some topics are actually directly pointed out, such as "opening an book is beneficial". In this way, the scope of composition selection will be clear, and it will not be impossible to write.

2. Semi-proposition.

It means that the questioner gives an incomplete topic, and the examinee must finish the topic before writing. This semi-propositional composition is a flexible examination method, and candidates have greater freedom. In the examination room, candidates can determine the scope of material selection according to their own possession of materials and establish the theme according to their own thinking, so as to ensure the selection of familiar content. Such as unforgettable, in my mind, papers and so on. When writing this kind of proposition, you must first complete the topic, and then you can examine the topic according to the meaning of the text. The key is how to complete the problem. Because this kind of proposition gives candidates great freedom to choose materials and ideas, candidates should make full use of this freedom and choose what they are most familiar with and have the most to say, so that it will be relatively easy to choose ideas and materials for composition.

(B) the writing process of propositional composition

Exam-oriented composition is a writing activity in a special situation, which determines that it is different from writing in the usual sense. Therefore, the specific writing process of the exam-oriented composition is also different from the general free writing. The specific writing process of propositional composition in exam-oriented composition mainly includes examination, conception, material selection, typesetting, writing and revision. For the semi-propositional composition, there must also be a link of "making up the questions", and the semi-propositional composition must first make up the questions and then review them.

1, exam.

The so-called "test" is to analyze and study the effective writing information contained in the words in a given topic, so as to grasp the motivation of the questioner and grasp the central problem of the composition. The key to examining a topic is to find the "eye of the topic", that is, to find the key words in the topic. For example, in the writing of "More Precious than Money", candidates should first look for the keyword "Precious" in the text of the topic before they can choose the category of composition writing. What do you think is more precious than money? Life or friendship? Is it personality or enjoyment? Once one of them is selected, the following conception and material selection are very easy.

2. conception.

"Meaning", that is, the meaning and theme of the text, is the central meaning expressed by the writing subject through various concrete materials, and is the central argument of the article in terms of argumentative writing. Theme is the soul of an article, which determines the conception, writing style and revision activities of the article. The material selection, structure arrangement, expression method selection and language application of the article must be carried out around the theme expression, and must obey and serve the needs of the theme expression.

The theme of an article determines its value. Therefore, the theme of an excellent article should be as clear, correct, profound and novel as possible, which are the four basic requirements of the theme of the article.

The so-called clarity means that the theme of the article should be clear, so that readers can understand and grasp it accurately through reading, so as not to be ambiguous or even unintelligible. Ordinary writers often want to say everything in an article, but what they write is not clear and vague. A Qing Liu Xizai said: "The whole intention of writing an article can be summarized in one sentence." That's the truth. Clarity and centralization are inseparable. Focus on the topic and make sure it is clear.

The so-called correctness is to correctly reflect the essence of objective things and their development laws. Theme is a writer's subjective view of objective things, which is correct only if it conforms to the law of development of things, and cannot be a misunderstanding or distortion of the essence and law of things. The correct theme also requires writers to stand on behalf of advanced productive forces, look at things with correct outlook on life, world outlook and values, and maintain advanced understanding and noble thoughts and feelings.

The so-called profound means that the theme of the article should have a certain ideological depth, not just staying in the general sense of correctness, but should be further explored, and strive to profoundly reflect the essence and internal laws of things, so that readers can get enlightenment and lessons from it, thus deepening their understanding and understanding of things and leaving an unforgettable impression on readers. The profound theme is not realized by the author's empty preaching or artificial arrogance, but is revealed by concrete materials, and the profundity of the theme should be included in real and typical materials. The theme of Lu Xun's works deeply opposing feudal ethics is embodied in this way.

The so-called novelty means that the views and opinions of the article should be innovative, and "what people have not seen, not what people have done", rather than the truth that everyone knows. Novelty is not unconventional. As long as you are good at grasping the characteristics of objective things, avoiding generalizations, being good at discovering new problems, putting forward new problems and analyzing them in combination with reality, you can write articles with novel themes. The novel theme, first, can be realized by choosing fresh realistic themes. What happened recently in real life is "invisible" in itself, and it is easy to "give people away". Choosing the material of fresh people in real life can not only explore novel themes, but also strengthen the sense of the times of the article. Second, it can be achieved by changing the angle of conception. For well-known materials, if we think and analyze the problem from another angle, we will find new things and get new enlightenment.

The intention is to establish the theme. As far as argumentative writing is concerned, the theme (central argument) of an article is generally indicated in the title of the composition, for example, "Whoever says' teaching others how to play the axe' cannot play the axe'". Generally speaking, you don't need to think more about ideas when writing such articles; But not all topics are like this, such as "papers and knowledge", "learning and thinking" and so on. Regarding papers and knowledge, the general candidates tend to simplify their thinking and establish the argument as "knowledge is more important than diploma", which is actually the result of lax examination; A better idea is to have both knowledge and diploma: there can be no diploma without knowledge, and there can be no diploma without knowledge at present. When writing this idea, the key is how to demonstrate the latter. If we can explain it in detail in combination with the current reality of workplace recruitment, the article will reach a certain depth.

Generally speaking, article writing should follow the following principles as far as possible when conceiving:

Consistent with the material facts. The theme of an article is extracted from concrete materials, not imagined by the author. First of all, it should conform to the facts of the material itself, and it should be the true embodiment of the essence of the specific material. The theme established in this way is credible, and the article can have real and touching power.

Reflect the essence of things. A theme that conforms to the facts may not reflect the essence of things. The correct concept should be both true and reveal the essence of things. Ordinary writers are often influenced by the appearance of factual phenomena in their lives, but they can't reflect their essence through phenomena, so they often make objective descriptions when writing, but they are often simply listed and superficial, and they can't dig out the truth of the essence of things. This idea is not good.

Reflect the spirit of the times. The content of the article changes with the changes of the times, and the conception of the article should also reflect the distinctive characteristics of the times. The times is an important feature of the theme of the article. Bai Juyi once said: "Articles are written in the times, and songs and poems are written in things." The article is intended to closely follow the pulse of the times, grasp the rhythm of the times, and strive to write excellent works with strong flavor of the times and reflecting the essence of life of the times. The ideas in A Dream of Red Mansions and Blessing are the same. In the civil servant's exam-oriented composition, it is more necessary to closely link with reality, focus on social reality and strengthen the times of the article.

3. Material selection.

"Material", that is, material, is a series of factual phenomena, theoretical basis and subjective feelings accumulated by the writing subject for writing from life and study. In argumentative writing, it refers to all kinds of arguments used to prove arguments.

In article writing, on the one hand, materials are the basis for forming opinions and refining themes. Any article writing has a certain theme, regardless of size, which is formed on the basis of specific materials and the result of refining some objective materials; On the other hand, materials are the pillars to explain ideas and express themes. A theme must have certain material to express and support. With enough detailed and typical materials, the article can be flesh-and-blood and expressive; On the contrary, the article will be empty and lack of appeal.

The material is the flesh and blood of the article, and whether the content of the article is substantial or not is the concrete manifestation of the success or failure of the article writing. Therefore, in the process of article writing, material selection is particularly important. So how to choose materials?

First of all, the choice of materials must be based on aggregate. In other words, if you want to choose a good material, you must first accumulate a certain number of related materials, so that you can choose the material when you choose the material. Materials are the material basis of writing, and it is very necessary to accumulate and possess rich and informative materials for article writing. Zhang Xuecheng, a thinker in the Qing Dynasty, once said: "The key to making a statement lies in doing something." ("literature and history?" The "thing" here refers to matter. He regards "what is in the text" as the primary problem in writing an article (making a statement), which is the correct positioning of the position of materials in article writing activities. It can be seen that it is important to accumulate and occupy the position of the material. Collecting materials is the first step in writing, and the selection of materials can only be carried out smoothly on the basis of collecting materials.

Secondly, the selection of materials must follow certain principles and requirements. In article writing, the general principle of selecting materials is to select materials around the theme. This is also the most basic requirement for selecting materials, and how to write articles should follow this principle. In this sense, the selection of argumentative essays is actually to choose arguments to prove arguments. Only when the arguments are conclusive and sufficient can the arguments be well proved. To this end, the material selection must also meet the following requirements:

(1) Right. The so-called truthfulness means that the selected materials (arguments) should be credible, but not half false. This is the most basic requirement for material selection. In general, the material is required to be true, that is, to select real events, phenomena or reliable theoretical basis that occur and exist in life. The former should conform to the original appearance and actual situation of objective things, while the latter should be scientific and reasonable and stand up to scrutiny and argumentation. When writing an argumentative essay, we should pay more attention to the authenticity and credibility of the selected factual arguments or theoretical arguments. Only in this way can we convince people with irrefutable power.

(2) Typical. The so-called typicality means that the selected materials (arguments) are representative, not just individual cases. A typical material is an example or theory with both * * * and distinct personality, which can profoundly reveal the essence and development law of things and effectively express the theme. Only with such materials can we make one thing ten, which is very convincing.

(3) novels. The so-called novelty is novelty, that is, the selected materials should be as fresh as possible, or the angle should be unique, which can make readers feel refreshed and gain brand-new experiences and feelings, rather than echoing others. When writing argumentative essays, candidates should try to choose those difficult arguments from self-observation and reading. If you want to find fresh materials, you should always pay attention to the new things that happen in real life, secondly look for materials that others have never used or rarely used, and thirdly, you can change the angle of choice and make the old materials look brand-new.

With regard to the above three requirements, candidates can understand them by carefully reading China's excellent argumentative essays in ancient times, such as Li Si's exhortation book and Ouyang Xiu's biography of Shi Lingguan in the Five Dynasties.

4. layout.

Bureau, namely the structure of the article. Structure refers to the internal organization and structure of the article. The structure of an article is generally composed of the following factors: paragraphs and levels, beginning and end, transition and reference, etc.

The paragraph here refers to the "natural paragraph", which is a relatively independent and complete structural unit marked by two spaces in the first line of the article. The purpose of setting paragraphs is to express a relatively complete and single meaning, so that readers can visually form a clear sense of structural hierarchy when reading. Setting paragraphs should follow the following principles: First, simplicity. That is, a paragraph generally only expresses a central meaning (paragraph meaning) relatively centrally, and more than two loosely related meanings cannot be placed in the same paragraph. The second is honesty. In other words, a paragraph should express a relatively complete meaning, and it is not possible to divide a meaning into sections without expressing it completely, and divide the content close to the original intention into two sections. It can be seen that oneness and completeness are two aspects of a problem. Simplicity means that a paragraph should express a relatively single meaning from the point of view of paragraph expression; Integrity is viewed from the content composition of a paragraph, and related contents that express the same meaning should be placed in the same paragraph. Simplicity is the oneness of relatively complete content, and completeness is the integrity of relatively single ideographic writing. In addition, under the premise of keeping the paragraph concise and complete, candidates should also pay attention to the length of the paragraph as much as possible.

Hierarchy refers to "meaning segment" or "logic segment", that is, the expression order of the ideological content of the article, and it is the structural unit that expresses the logical connection of the content. Hierarchy can reflect the theme layout of the article or the evolution track of the author's thinking. In this sense, the level is the "big" level, and there are often many small levels below the big level. A large level is generally greater than one paragraph, and a level consists of more than two paragraphs, sometimes equal to one paragraph. We often divide articles into several large paragraphs or parts, and the "large paragraphs" or "parts" here are actually large levels. Hierarchy is essentially the stage and contradiction of the development of objective things, which is reflected in the article through people's understanding and expression of the thinking process of the problem. The arrangement of levels can be in chronological order, spatial order, logical order, cognitive development order and stream of consciousness order, but the general principle must be to serve the theme expression. In argumentative writing, in order to correctly reflect all aspects of contradictions and people's analysis and understanding of contradictions, levels are often arranged in logical order.

The beginning is the beginning of the article. Usually refers to the first natural paragraph at the beginning of an article. A good beginning, on the one hand, is conducive to expressing the theme, expanding ideas and ensuring the smooth progress of writing; On the other hand, it can also increase the aesthetic feeling of the article and arouse readers' interest in reading. Everything is difficult at the beginning, and a good beginning is half the battle. Writing a good beginning is more important for exam-oriented composition. It is not only a good start for writing in the examination room, but also can arouse the goodwill of the marking teacher at the beginning and win a certain emotional (impression) score.

The ending is the end of the article. Usually refers to a natural paragraph at the end of an article. The ending is an important factor to ensure the structural integrity of the article. Don't "gild the lily" or "anticlimactic" at the end of the article. A good ending is not only the natural conclusion of the content of the article, but also the effect of "endless words and endless meanings", which gives people a reverie and endless aftertaste.

Transition refers to the way or means to express the connection and inheritance between paragraphs and levels of an article. The necessary transition can make the content of the context naturally coherent, thus strengthening the logic and layering of the article and making the structure of the article more rigorous. There are three main ways of article transition: word transition, sentence transition and paragraph transition.

Reference refers to the reference and echo between the content before and after the article, and it is a concrete way or means to ensure the close connection between the content before and after the article. In article writing, the things written in front should be taken care of below; The problems to be written later should be foreshadowed in front, which is care. With reference, the article can make the structure clearer. There are three main ways to quote articles: topic quotation, that is, the quotation between the topic and the main content of the article; The first and last reference, or the first and last echo, is the reference between the beginning and the end of the article; Reference before and after refers to the reference between the content before and after the text.

Layout, that is, arranging the structure of the article. How to start and end, how to transition and take care of, and the order in which materials are used all belong to the layout. Structure is the skeleton of the article, and layout is actually to build an overall framework for article writing. The arrangement of articles should be guided by the general arrangement principle of obeying and serving the needs of theme expression.

The arrangement of the article structure shall meet the following requirements:

(1) starts with charm and ends with charm. Xie Zhen, a literary critic in the Ming Dynasty, once compared the beginning and end of a good article to sound. He said: "When you start a sentence, it sounds like a firecracker, and it is easy to cut it off; Every sentence is like a bell, and the sound is more than enough. "This is a very wonderful expression.

(2) Paragraph levels should be clear. Paragraphs and levels are important parts of the article structure, and whether the article structure is reasonable or not is mainly manifested at this level. As far as argumentative writing is concerned, as long as the paragraph level is clear, the reasoning of the article will be clear and the persuasiveness of the article will be increased.

(3) Handover monitoring should be strict. As a way to connect the content of the article, transition and reference play a special role in the structure of the article. Appropriate transition and quotation can organically combine the materials of the article, which are actually the glue of the article. Strict transition and quotation in argumentative writing can greatly strengthen the logical power of reasoning, make all arguments play a full role and make them more powerful.

(4) Adapting to the characteristics and requirements of different styles. As far as the writing of argumentative style is concerned, the arrangement of article structure should generally be carried out in the way of "asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems", that is, the reasoning formula of "introduction-theory-conclusion". Only by adapting to the writing requirements of style can we write standardized and excellent articles.

(5) The combination should be artistic. The materials in the article are not randomly placed and must be carefully arranged. The article is not only to express opinions, but also to beautify the expression as much as possible. Layout is not only a technical problem of material combination, but also an artistic activity and a beautiful creation activity. Therefore, in terms of material combination, candidates must make some efforts to make the structure perfect.

Perfect article structure (layout) mainly shows the following characteristics:

Naturally rigorous. Nature means that the structural arrangement is logical and you can move freely. There is no trace of artificial carving, nor is it a far-fetched patchwork. We should always do what we should do and always stop where we can't. Stiffness means that the structure of the article should have close internal logical connection, be clear and impeccable, and have no disadvantages of upside down and full of loopholes. To make the structure natural and rigorous, we should first consider making it conform to the objective law of the development of things and reflect the internal relations of things, because the structure of the article is the externalization of the internal relations of things.

Complete and unified. Integrity means that the content of the article cannot be biased, incomplete, fragmented or complicated, and inconsistent. Unity means that the context of each part of the article runs through, and each part is combined into a harmonious and unified whole. Every part of the article exists for the whole article, and the whole is composed of parts. Both of them express the same theme and reflect the author's thinking.

Flexible and free. Natural, rigorous, complete and unified structural requirements do not require uniformity, but rather arrange the structure of the article as flexibly and freely as possible without affecting the theme expression, so as to enrich the expressive force of the article and effectively express the theme. Flexibility refers to the diversification of forms, such as the structural mode of argumentative writing (combination mode), which can be tied or total according to the specific needs of writing, and the total score can be divided into "total score-score", "total score-score" and "score-total score" types.

5. Writing style.

Writing style refers to the author's activity of expressing the content of an article in a specific written language. This link is the materialized process of article writing. On the one hand, the quality of writing depends on the quality of conception activities such as conception, material selection and layout, because conception is the overall conception of the article to be written from content to form, which directly guides the direction of writing; On the other hand, it also depends on the author's language ability, because to express a theme and a material accurately and powerfully requires the author to choose the right expression and use the right words, and the author's ability to choose words and sentences and express meaning directly restricts the writing of the article. Therefore, in the writing stage, the author should master the choice of expression, the tempering and modification of words and sentences.

The basic expressions of the article are mainly narrative, discussion, description, explanation and lyricism. For argumentative writing, it is very important for candidates to master the skills of argumentative writing.

Discussion refers to the analysis and comments on things or phenomena in article writing. Argumentative writing is a kind of style with argumentation as the main expression. On the basis of mastering the three basic elements of argumentation, argumentative writing should be able to master and use the ways and methods of argumentation skillfully.

The three basic elements of discussion refer to arguments, arguments and arguments. Argument is the author's views, opinions and opinions on the issues discussed in the article; An argument is a factual or theoretical basis used to prove an argument; Argumentation refers to the process of proving an argument with arguments. When writing an argumentative essay, the arguments should be correct and clear, the arguments should be conclusive and powerful, and the arguments should be thoughtful and rigorous.

There are two main types of debates: argumentation and refutation. The so-called argument, also called proof, refers to clarifying the author's views and opinions from the front; Refutation, or refutation, refers to refuting the wrong views of the other party. Whether arguing or refuting, the author should skillfully use various specific argumentation methods, such as examples, quotations, metaphors, comparisons, analogies, refuting arguments, refuting arguments and so on.

To ensure the smooth progress of writing, the author must also have a certain knowledge of writing and language, and make more efforts in choosing words and making sentences.

Language refers to the written language form and its norms, which consists of words, phrases and sentences. Language is the cell of an article. Written language is the carrier of the article, and the form of the article is finally presented by written language. In order to express the meaning perfectly, the author should strive to be accurate, fluent, concise, vivid, concise and natural when choosing words. At the same time, we should do a good job in tempering and modifying sentences, and strive to make the sentences of the article have the following characteristics: they conform to grammar, which is to solve the problem of unreasonable language expression; It is logical, and it is to solve the problem of whether the sentence is correct in thought; Paying attention to rhetoric is to solve the problem of good language.

6. modify.

Revision is the author's activity of revising, changing and shaping the first draft of an article. In this sense, a good article is not written, but "changed". Chekhov, a great Russian writer, once said: "The ability to write well is the ability to delete the bad places." Many excellent works in the history of Chinese and foreign literature are also the result of repeated revisions. It can be seen that revision is of great significance to article writing.

The main contents of the article revision are: modifying the theme, including changing the theme and modifying the viewpoint; Modify materials, including adding or deleting materials, changing materials, modifying materials and adjusting details; Adjust the structure, including adjusting the paragraph level, examining the transition and quotation, etc. Temper language, including changing words, changing sentences, tempering rhetoric, etc. In semi-propositional composition or self-propositional composition, the revision of the article also includes changing the title, which can be a new title or changing some languages. When writing in the examination room, due to the lax examination of questions, candidates often can't find accurate words (or questions) when making up questions (or making their own propositions). When writing the first draft, they will find that the title is not consistent with the content of the article and there is no time to rewrite it. Therefore, it is the best choice and urgent task to change the title according to the actual writing content. Many people have this experience when writing in exams.

Although it is impossible for candidates to have enough time to refine and modify the exam-oriented composition due to the limitation of examination time, candidates must make effective use of their time and make some necessary changes to the article just written. Candidates should correct the problems in big ideas, material selection and text structure in time, otherwise all previous efforts will be in vain.

7. Fill in the questions.

Completing the topic (topic) is the first step of semi-propositional composition. Only by completing the topic first can we continue the real article writing.

As mentioned above, when writing a semi-propositional composition, candidates can determine the scope of material selection according to their own possession and establish the theme according to their own thinking. Therefore, candidates should try to choose what they are familiar with and have something to say to complete the topic. For example, there are many things that can be added to the horizontal line of the thesis topic, such as diploma and knowledge, diploma and ability (ability), diploma and job search, diploma and position, diploma and character, etc. In terms of knowledge, talent, job hunting, personality, etc.

(3) Examples of propositional composition

The following are some examples of propositional compositions. The author only makes a brief analysis of the "examination" and "conception" of each topic, trying to prove to the candidates through the analysis of these topics: don't start writing immediately when you see the topic, but spend more time carefully examining the topic and grasp the proper meaning of the topic as comprehensively as possible. Candidates can learn from the examination methods and ideas of these propositions when reviewing for the exam.

The following topics are all argumentative papers, and all of them are required to be written as argumentative papers with more than 1000 words.

1, on clean government.

Seeing this topic, people will naturally think of many corrupt phenomena in China's current political life. State cadres, especially leading cadres, pay bribes and squander money. In recent years, corruption and bribery cases have frequently appeared in newspapers, and clean government cannot be ignored. The party and the government have also taken corresponding measures to punish corrupt elements. Under such circumstances, how should candidates write this topic?

In fact, the core content of the topic "On Honesty" is to ask candidates to talk about the significance and specific measures of honesty in the current situation. Grasping this key point, the content of the article is very clear, which should include the necessity, significance and measures of honesty. Because the quality of an article is mainly determined by the theme of the article, it is necessary to discuss it around a central argument (theme) in specific writing. The central argument of this paper can be discussed from the perspective of the ruling party, which can be written as "the important content of building a clean and honest party style is a major event related to the ruling ability and status of the * * * production party in China. The party and the government must severely crack down on corruption crimes, strengthen legislation and publicity, and prevent corruption from continuing to breed and spread." You can also talk about it from the perspective of leaders, cadres and civil servants, and write that "being honest in politics (serving) is the basic quality that every national cadre and civil servant should have. party member cadres should take the lead in obeying the law and serving the people well." Of course, candidates can also combine the two.

2. On Modesty.

When it comes to modesty, people will immediately think of such wise sayings as "modesty makes people progress, pride makes people lag behind" and "modesty is beneficial, all bets are off". Therefore, candidates will also be restricted by this view in their conception, and simply limit the theme to this level before expanding. If you only write at this level, the thought of the article is not deep enough. We might as well further analyze and make a fuss about the "degree" of modesty: modesty is a virtue, but excessive modesty or inappropriate modesty is unacceptable. From the perspective of young people's self-development, we can further talk about the significance of "modesty and moderation" for young people to show their individuality and talents. Young people should not blindly humble themselves, even in front of experts and teachers, they should act when it is time to do so, otherwise it will delay the opportunity of self-development and even bring harm to enterprises and countries. Connecting with reality and combining with one's own reality will certainly be more profound. From the point of view of the exam, you will also get high marks and pass the exam smoothly.

As can be seen from the above, when writing a propositional composition, you should carefully examine the topic and don't rush to write. Li Yu, a literary critic in the Qing Dynasty, once said that writing an article "should not be rushed to the front, but should be rushed to write", warning writers not to rush to write, but to think carefully (conceive) before writing quickly. This statement is very reasonable and incisively points out the significance of the conceiving activities in article writing to the subsequent writing activities. For the writing of propositional composition, the work to be done when "letting go" actually refers to the activities of examining the topic and conceiving before writing.