One: Dante's masterpiece:
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Dante was born in a declining aristocratic family in Florence, Italy. He was born in 1265. The date of birth is not clear. According to his own poem, "born under Gemini" should be at the end of May or early June. At the age of five, her biological mother died, her father was her second wife, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister. Dante's life is not recorded much, but there are many writers, many of whom are unreliable. He may not have received a formal education (some people say he studied in Bologna and Paris), but he learned a lot from many famous friends and teachers, including Latin, Provence and music. When he was young, he may have been a knight and participated in several wars. Married at the age of 33, his wife gave birth to six children, only four (three men). But what he really loves is an 8-year-old girl named Bereyani Cai. Dante statue outside the Dante Museum in Florence .. At that time, Florence politics was divided into two factions, one was the West Berlin faction loyal to the holy Roman emperor and the other was the Gaelic faction loyal to the Pope. After 1266, due to the powerful influence of the Pope, the Gaelic faction won and exiled the West Berlin faction. Pope Benifas VIII, who was elected in 1294 after Gefei came to power, wanted to control Florence. Some wealthy citizens in the city of hope are unwilling to be controlled by the Pope and split into a "white party", while others have not settled down and hope to turn over and become a "black party" with the help of the Pope. The two factions are fighting again. Dante's family originally belonged to the Gaelic Sect. Dante enthusiastically advocated independence and freedom, so he became the backbone of the white party and was elected as one of the six members of the executive Committee of the highest authority. 130 1 year, the pope sent Carlo di valois, the brother of the French king, to Florence to "reconcile". Suspecting that the trip had another purpose, White sent a delegation headed by Dante to persuade the Pope to take back his life, but it failed. Sure enough, Carlo immediately organized the black party to slaughter the opposition, took control of Florence, and announced the exile of Dante. Once he returns to the city, any Florentine soldier can. 1308, Luxemburg's henry vii was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, ready to invade Florence. Dante wrote to him and pointed out the place of attack, so White began to hate Dante. 13 13 Henry died, and Dante's hopes were dashed. 13 15, Florence was in power by soldiers, and it was announced that if Dante was willing to pay a fine, sprinkle dust on his head and hang a knife around his neck, he could return to China for a week without guilt. Dante wrote back and said, "This method is not the way for me to return to China! If I damage Dante's reputation, I will never set foot in Florence again! Can't I enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere? If I don't bow and scrape to the people of Florence, can't I get in touch with the precious truth? To be sure, I don't worry about having no bread! " When Dante was exiled, he lived in several cities in Italy, and some recorded that he had been to Paris. He used his works to dispel homesickness, and wrote down all benefactors and enemies in his masterpiece Divine Comedy, mocking the Pope. He arranged his unrequited love object, a beautiful woman named Bayar, to the highest level in heaven. She died at the age of 25. Dante died in 132 1 and in Lavoine, in the northeast of Italy.
Two: Petrarch's masterpiece
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1304 was born in arezzo on July 20th, and 1374 died in Alqua on July 9th. Father is a noble family and lawyer in Florence. He went into exile in France with his father since childhood, and then studied law. After his father died, he devoted himself to literary activities and traveled around Europe. He also worked as a priest, and had the opportunity to go in and out of the church and the court, observe life and pursue knowledge. He proposed to replace "God's thought" with "human thought" and was called "the father of humanism". Petrarch's father, a lawyer in Florence, was expelled from the city and moved to arezzo in 1302 because of disagreement with the leader of the black party. 1July 20th, 304, Petrarch was born here. After several relocations, in 13 12, their family moved to avignon in the south of France, where the Vatican was then. Therefore, Petrarch is closely related to the Pope and other elites. This situation is not only related to his growth, but also conducive to his future humanistic activities. Petrarch loved literature and rhetoric as a teenager, especially interested in classical works. Virgil's poems in ancient Rome and Cicero's speeches strongly attracted him. But his father wanted him to be a jurist. So I started studying law in Montpellier, France and Bologna, Italy from 13 16. 1320 When his father died, he gave up the law and developed his hobbies freely. In the same year, he returned to avignon and took a position as a middle school teacher. From 1330- 1347, he served under Cardinal Vani Corina. His work in the church is not busy, which makes him tirelessly study literature and write poems, but also participate in some political and diplomatic activities of the Holy See. As a poet, Petrarch's reputation spread quickly. 1340, Paris and Rome competed to invite him to accept the laurel. So, he decided to go to Rome 134 1 year. On April 8th, he accepted the title of "Poet Laureate" on Mount Capitoli in Rome. On July 1374, Petrarch died in a small village called Akwa. When people found his body, his head was still buried in Virgil's manuscript.
Boccaccio III: Dante's Biography, Paganism and decameron.
Boccaccio was a Florentine businessman named Kelino. Boccaccio's illegitimate child with a French woman. There is a lack of exact information about his birthplace. It is said that he was born in Florence or Cital near Paris. My biological mother died when I was a child and came to Florence with my father. Soon, his father remarried, and he spent his childhood in the cold of strict father and his stepmother. Later, I was sent to Naples by my father, and I barely learned to do business in a trading company where my father had shares, and I got nothing. His father asked him to study law and religious regulations, but he was not interested in business or law. He loved literature since he was a child, and began to teach himself poetics and read the works of classic writers. This period of life enabled him to personally experience the life, thoughts and feelings of citizens and businessmen, and to integrate them into his later decameron. During his life in Naples, Boccaccio had the opportunity to enter and leave the court of King Robert of Angelo. Here, his repressed personality and wisdom are fully displayed. He made friends with many humanist poets, scholars, theologians and jurists, and came into contact with the life of noble knights. This enriched his life experience, broadened his cultural and artistic horizons, and further restored his interest in classical culture and literature. He met Robert's illegitimate daughter Maria at court and fell in love with her. This romantic experience also left a deep impression on his literary creation, and Maria can be seen in some female images created in his future literary works. /kloc-in the winter of 0/340, Boccaccio's father suffered setbacks in his business activities and his economic situation deteriorated. Boccaccio could not maintain his original leisurely life and returned to Florence. In the sharp and fierce political struggle in Florence, he always stood firmly on the side of the government and opposed the feudal aristocratic forces. He participated in the guild, held the position of managing finance, and was entrusted by the government for many times to go to other Italian city-states and the Holy See as a special envoy to carry out diplomatic missions. 1350, Boccaccio met the poet Petrarch. The following year, he was entrusted to invite Petrarch, who was exiled, to return to Florence to preside over academic discussions. Since then, these two outstanding humanists have established close friendship. Boccaccio devoted himself to studying classical literature and became a learned humanist. He translated Homer's works and made great contributions to the collection, translation and annotation of ancient books. In his later years, he devoted himself to the interpretation and interpretation of the Divine Comedy, and presided over the discussion of the Divine Comedy at the University of Florence. 1373, 10 year1October 23rd, Boccaccio gave his last speech at the seminar of Divine Comedy at the University of Florence. The next year, the death of his good friend Petrarch gave him a great mental blow. 1375 65438+February 2 1, Boccaccio died in Cital.
Four: Da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci is best known for his superb painting art. His most famous works are Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Our Lady in the Rock, Santa Anna and The Virgin.
Chronicle of the Da Vinci Event:
1April 5, 452/kloc-0, in the suburb of Wenxi village, Florence, Italy. 1465 was born by Xavier pierrot da Vinci and Catalina, and entered the verrocchio Studio and became a junior disciple (age 13 ~ 14). He wrote the Map of the Apostles in 1473, and was accused of having homosexual love with other disciples in verrocchio. Because he denied it, he was finally released (at the age of 24) to paint "The Worship of the Three Sages" on 1482, and returned to Milan (at the age of 30) on 1483 to receive San Francisco. The cathedral ordered the statue of the Virgin on the rock (3 1 year-old) and began painting The Last Supper on 1495. He started painting Mona Lisa (50 years old) 15 16. At the invitation of the king of France, he went to Amboise, France (64 years old) 15 19, and died in Amboise (67 years old). Leonardo da vinci left a large number of messy manuscripts written backwards with his left hand, which is difficult to interpret. It was not until the middle of17th century that scholars sorted out a few Da Vinci manuscripts. Leonardo da Vinci's main manuscript was lost for more than 200 years, and it was not until 18 17 that it was rediscovered.
Da Vinci1April 452 15 was born in Finch, central Italy, not far from Florence, where he spent his childhood. 1469, he came to Florence and worked as an apprentice in verrocchio's studio. 1472 entered the artists association of that year. In art, he is an expert in sculpture, but he pays special attention to painting. He said, "Painting is the daughter of nature." Legend has it that when he was young, he helped his teacher draw a little angel in a painting called John the Baptist Christ. As a result, his level surpassed all the other characters drawn by the teacher. The famous teacher was ashamed, so he stopped dabbling in painting and only engaged in sculpture. In Science, he observed celestial bodies and wrote, "The sun is motionless." Almost at the same time, Copernicus discovered the "sun-centered theory"; He studied the scientific principle of flight and designed and built the first airplane. He dissected more than 30 corpses, explored the human body structure, and was the first to discover the growth process of the baby in the mother. He once said, "you may be avoided by this natural stench ... or you may be impatient and not diligent enough." In these respects, I am not hindered by greed or laziness, but by lack of time. " When he was young, Da Vinci studied painting in the studio of Florence painter verrocchio, and left Florence for Milan in 148 1. Later, he was invited to France by King Francis I of France. Leonardo da vinci was a genius in the world at that time. His main talents are scientific discovery and imagination. He has designed helicopters, airplanes, hot air balloons, siege machines, urban defense systems and drainage systems, and studied human anatomy, proportion and perspective. He is the first painter in Europe to paint landscapes, and is famous for his scientific and clear mind. Of course, some people think that he seldom realizes his ideas and makes real achievements, because he is only a hollow reputation in science. Among the "Three Masters" of the Renaissance (the other two are Michelangelo and Raphael), the characters in his paintings are realistic and the composition is rigorous and steady. In his later years, Leonardo da Vinci settled in the Castle of Clos in the Loire Valley of France, where he completed his self-portrait. In his later years, Leonardo became calm and quiet, and devoted himself to studying the relationship between faith and nature. He died in Crowe Castle in 15 19. "For a whole day, you can sleep peacefully; A full life, you can have no regrets "is a famous sentence in his will." "
Five:
Michelangelo
1475 was born in Cabrisse, near Florence. His father was the autonomous mayor of Quiche and Cabrisse. At the age of 65,438+03, he entered the studio of Florentine painter Ghirlandaio, and later transferred to the Medici College of St. Kyle Abbey as an apprentice. From 65438 to 0496, Michelangelo came to Rome and created the first batch of representative works, such as Bacchus, Dionysus and Mourning for Christ. 150 1 year, he returned to Florence and completed the world-famous statue of David in four years. 1505 In Rome, he was ordered by Pope Julius II to build the Pope's tomb. 1506 returned to Florence after the work was stopped. 1508, he was ordered to return to Rome, and it took four years and five months to finish the ceiling mural of the famous Sistine Chapel. 15 13 years, the construction of the Pope's Mausoleum was resumed, and Michelangelo created the famous "Moses, Bound Slave and Dying Slave". 15 19- 1534, in Florence, he created the greatest work of his life-the group sculpture of medici family Mausoleum in the church of San Lorenzo. 1536, Michelangelo returned to the Ting Church in Romasis and spent nearly six years creating the great mural "The Doomsday Judgment". After that, he lived in Rome, engaged in sculpture, architecture and a little painting, until 1564 died in his studio in February. Michelangelo represented the highest peak of sculpture art in Renaissance Europe. The characters he created are magnificent and full of infinite power. A large number of his works show unusual ideal treatment based on realism and become typical symbols of the whole era. His artistic creation was deeply influenced by humanism and the religious reform movement, and he often used realistic techniques and romantic fantasies to express the patriotism and the spirit of fighting for freedom of the civil class at that time. Michelangelo's art is different from Leonardo da Vinci's scientific spirit and philosophical thought, but he devoted his tragic passion to his works of art, and this tragedy was manifested in a magnificent form. The hero he created was both a symbol of ideal and a reflection of reality. All these make his artistic creation an insurmountable peak in the history of western art. Michelangelo lost his mother at the age of six and grew up in the home of a stonemason's wife, so he became interested in sculpture from an early age. His father sent him to Latin and Greek schools, but it was useless for him to learn painting. At the age of thirteen, he entered the Florence studio to study painting. 1489 transferred to another painter to learn sculpture. Later, he became a student and teaching assistant in an art school. It is the center of the Renaissance and the place where humanists gather. He worked there for 14 years and was trained as a great artist in thought and art. Let him leave Florence for Rome. At the age of twenty-four, as a sculptor, he began to create and produce the famous.
Michelangelo's famous works
Murals, The Last Judgment, Genesis, Paul's Return, Peter's Martyrdom, Sculpture, David and laocoon.
Six: Raphael
Masterpieces: The Wedding of the Virgin Mary, The Sistine Madonna and The Academy of Athens.
1483 was born in urbino on April 6th, and died in Rome on April 6th, 20520. Formerly known as Raphael St. George. He studied painting with his father (the court painter of Duke urbino) since childhood, and then transferred to perugino. From 1500. Raphael's early works show extraordinary genius. The Wedding of the Virgin was painted at the age of 2 1 year, which not only shows that he fully absorbed the artistic essence of perugino, but also came from behind and made innovations in composition and image-building. In particular, the balance of the picture, the description of the background, and the dignified and elegant images of the Virgin Mary and her husband Yue Se are all rare in previous painters' works. From 1504 to 1508, he lived in Florence, where he was restored and influenced by politics, democratic spirit and humanistic thought. At the same time, he carefully understood the artistic characteristics of the masters of various painting schools, learned from others, especially devoted himself to studying Leonardo da Vinci's composition techniques and Michelangelo's human body performance and heroic style, which made his beautiful style with unique classical spirit mature day by day, thus quickly achieving great achievements on par with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. His series of portraits of the Virgin Mary are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters, and all of them embody humanistic thoughts with maternal warmth and youthful bodybuilding. Among them, Notre Dame de Orioles (Uffizi Art Museum in Florence), Notre Dame de Grasses (Vienna Museum of Art History) and Notre Dame de Gardens (Louvre Museum) are the most famous. 1512 ~1513 painted a large oil painting "The Sistine Madonna". The figures are similar in size to real people, and the triangle composed of the virgin and saints is solemn and balanced. The Madonna and Jesus are strong, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love. The other, taller, is the statue of the Virgin of Frino in the form of an altar painting, as well as the statue of the Virgin of Chair and the Madonna of Alba later created, all of which are his perfect works. After 1509, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint the murals of the Vatican Palace, among which the murals of the signature hall were the most outstanding. These paintings all over the walls and roofs of the hall represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetics and law. In addition to his unique painting style, his works also pay special attention to the full harmony between painting expression and architectural decoration, giving people a solemn and rich feeling. Other important works in this period include: Eliodoro was banished from the Temple and Bolshenna Mass in Eliodoro Hall, Fire of Porgo by the Fire Department, and Victory of Galatia by Fanesina Villa. The image-building and the use of light and color in these works have reached a new level, and they are known as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art.