1, Architecture and Interior Design
Architecture and interior design are the earliest fields influenced by arts and crafts movement. This is not only reflected in the fact that the advocates of arts and crafts movement are basically some architectural designers, but also fully embodies the ideas of arts and crafts in the fields of architecture and interior design.
In addition to the work done by some designers in the field of architecture and interior design listed above, there is also Philips in the UK. Weber, Norman? Norman hill; There is Frank in America? Wright, green and green. Among them, the Gamble House designed by the latter in Pasadena, Los Angeles has strong arts and crafts movement characteristics. The whole building adopts wooden components, paying attention to the function and decoration of column structure, absorbing the characteristics of decorative application of functional components in oriental architecture and furniture design, and emphasizing the modular embodiment and horizontal form of Japanese architecture.
2. Furniture design
Furniture design is the most influential field of arts and crafts movement. In addition to Morris's "red room" design, there are also a group of famous designers who have designed furniture with arts and crafts movement style-simple and simple, without too much ostentatious structure, and pay attention to the selection and collocation of materials. Like Charles in England? Charles Voysey (1857-1941) used to choose oak, which is simple, strong and generous, rarely repeating the medieval style, and occasionally decorated with brass or copper, with a fresh and light style. Compared with Morris's furniture design, Voser's design is more practical and easier to mass-produce. For the spirit of serving the public in the arts and crafts movement, Voser is obviously closer to the essence of this spirit in practice than Morris. For example, Scottus likes to decorate furniture with animal and plant patterns and outline these natural patterns with prominent lines, so the style is quite elegant. Another example is Gustav in the United States? The furniture designed by Stiglitz (Figure 2- 10) has a deep understanding of the advantages of oriental style, especially the traditional furniture style in China. Therefore, the furniture designed by Stiglitz has obvious and strong oriental characteristics, no matter its wooden structure, decorative details or even metal components. We can see the influence of Ming Dynasty furniture in China, which is one of the direct influences of earlier eastern and western designs.
3. Ceramic design
Generally speaking, although the ceramic design during the arts and crafts movement is still mainly artistic porcelain with little practicality, which is mainly used for display and appreciation, ceramic designers and producers are busy experimenting to improve the varieties of warm glaze and kiln change, but in Christopher? Dreiser, Mark? Mark marshall, William? De? William Morgan and Coleman (W? The designs of S.Coleman and others have obvious characteristics of plant organic morphology, especially the Rookwood pottery products in Cincinnati, USA (Figure 2- 1 1), which have typical characteristics of arts and crafts movement.
4, metal process design
The design of metal products in the arts and crafts movement is also very eye-catching. It is not only an important aspect for designers to express the idea of combining technology with art, but also its design is less useless and pretentious, more modern, with strong Gothic style characteristics and heavy modeling. Ashby and Dreiser, who made great contributions to ceramic design, also made great contributions to metal process design. Charles. Robert? Charles Robert Ashby (1863— 1942) originally studied history at Cambridge University. Influenced by Ruskin, he founded the Handicraft Association in 1888, engaged in the design of silverware and furniture. The silverware he designed is noble and elegant, with slender handles or legs. It is the most exquisite and representative metal product in the arts and crafts movement (Figure 2- 12). And Christopher, a professor of botany? Dr. Christopher Dreiser (1834— 1904)' s metal products are mainly simple geometric shapes, smooth in appearance, connected by rivets, with traces of industrial production, which has the characteristics of developing from handicraft industry to industrial production, and even the later Bauhaus design has been inspired by it.
5. Design of dyed products
Because Morris is most interested in the dyeing and weaving industry, he has the most direct influence on the design of dyed and woven fabrics in the British arts and crafts movement. He opposes the use of any chemical dyes in dyeing and weaving, and insists on using natural dyes. He personally designed wall hangings, carpets, wallpapers, etc. Commonly used patterns are twisted plant branches and leaves, which have strong natural flavor (Figure 2- 13). Under the influence of Morris, a number of designers of dyed fabrics appeared during the British Arts and Crafts Movement. Like Morton? Merton Abbey has set up its own dyeing and weaving workshop in 1883, producing all kinds of carpets and tapestries, which is called "hammersmith". The design of these dyed fabrics is consistent with his early wallpaper design style, and they all use a lot of naturalistic motives, especially the branches and leaves of plants, which are arranged in four directions in succession, mixed with various birds. In addition, designers Lewis F.Day and A.H.Mackmurdo, as well as Morris's daughter Mary? Morris designs and produces embroidery, carpets, wallpapers, etc. It has the characteristics of a certain "arts and crafts" movement.
6. Art of binding and design
Graphic design is a successful aspect of the British "arts and crafts" movement, and Morris is the figure who laid the foundation of graphic design for this movement. 1890, Morris founded Karen Sugert Printing Factory and began to design book binding. 1896, he published "Bridge Sand Collection", which is one of the most outstanding editions in the history of book binding. Under the influence of Morris, graphic design with arts and crafts style has developed rapidly in Britain, America and other European countries. Appeared, including Mark Mudo and Aubrey? Vincent. Aubrey Vincent beardsley (1872- 1898), Belgian Henry? Vander. Henry Vanderveldt, French Halfen Soe? A.Mucho and other designers.
Hobby Horse, designed by Mark Mudo, is an early graphic design work with an influential artistic and handicraft style. It is a quarterly magazine, which designs decorative illustrations with smooth black and white lines.
Because designers, including Morris, have strong Gothic revival characteristics in graphic design during the "Arts and Crafts" movement. This is in line with the popular painting style of the pre-Raphael Brotherhood at that time, and shows the romantic tendency of graphic design in British society. So it was met by Lewis? Lewis F.Day and others accused him of writing an article in the Oriental Daily (1899) where he lived, criticizing Morris, saying that his book design was too obsessed with retro-ism, too conservative and heavy. He believes that this retro tendency completely violates the socialization, democratization and popularization of design that Morris has always advocated.
In order to reverse the graphic design trend of Morris and others, Dai and illustrator Jesse? Jesse m king and Kate Greenaway collaborated to create a children's reading design style. Their designs are full of children's innocence and romance. They are relaxed and lovely in font, illustration style and layout, and are deeply loved by children. Their design style influenced many graphic designers and illustrators at that time and later, the most famous of which was Tobia Zili. He learned painting from Morris. Later, he skillfully absorbed the line art of Japanese ukiyo-e prints and its decorative techniques from Persian miniature paintings, forming his own simple, beautiful and charming style. Especially when portraying female images, he often designs a unique clothing style for the protagonist. Therefore, once his illustrations are published, they will immediately become a must-have book for the Leap Pavilion, and the fashion style depicted by his illustrations will immediately spread in the society.
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