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On Qin Shihuang
The merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang will always be an endless topic. Two thousand years ago, he created a set of "centralization". Somehow, he angered some scholars today and was once again accused of being a "tyrant"
",and put on a new big hat-the initiator of authoritarian centralization. Of course, some people agree with this view, but others oppose it. Opponents believe that centralization should be affirmed. Because it adapted to the national conditions of China at that time, it was inherited by China dynasties and was effective. As for the "tyrant" problem, it seems to be one-sided, and we can't attack one and ignore the rest. This will be briefly described.
( 1)
The first great achievement of Qin Shihuang was "Destroying Six Countries and Unifying China". Some people think this is a cliche. Although it's a cliche, it can't be considered parrot-learned, but it actually has its own opinions. If a historical recycler reads this, he will "say that the general trend of the world will be combined for a long time, and it will be combined for a long time." Judging Qin Shihuang from this angle, his achievements must be unclear. However, if you look at this statement from the perspective of historical development, your comments may be quite different. He would say: Qin Shihuang eliminated an old era and opened a new era. Not only that, but also said: Qin Shihuang "abolished feudalism and established counties"; Continue to expand the territory, and set up a "management strategy for emperors, and all governors will seal it" for later emperors (poem Xiaoya Beishan).
The so-called "old times" refers to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties before the Qin Dynasty. So "old" is because the systems of all countries in the Three Dynasties were very backward, and their territories were never unified. As far as its system is concerned, all countries at that time evolved from clans and tribes at the end of primitive society and established their own political systems by relying on patriarchal clan system. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were originally three big countries with relatively developed cultures. Medium-sized countries are called square countries or vassal countries, while small countries are scattered in the name of families. Its living condition has been in the process of integration and merger. According to the history books, in the Xia Dynasty, princes called all nations, in the Shang Dynasty, there were 3,000, in the Zhou Dynasty, there were 800, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, there were only over 100 countries left. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are a period of social transformation, with many wars and a vicious circle. There is a saying that there was no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, the Seven Chivalrous Men were all known as "the country of a thousand riders". Whenever there is a total war, both sides send thousands of troops. "Fighting to kill people; Fight for the city, fight for the city. " (Mencius on Li Lou) Its tragic state is beyond words. As a result, social chaos is intensified, the economy is depressed, the strong are scattered in all directions, and the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled turn to death. Facts show that this old era is over.
Although the Wei State of King Liang Xiang is quite backward, it is still a big country. He was worried about the protracted war and asked Mencius for advice. He asked, "Is the world evil?" A: "I ordered one." Ask again: "Who can do it?" A: "Anyone who is not addicted to killing can be killed." ("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang") Both of them hope that the world will be stable, but how to achieve world stability, Liang is "militant" and Mencius is "anti-war", and their opinions are diametrically opposed; And none of them are practical. However, at that time, Qin found a feasible new way out for the "old times", that is, through the "Shang Yang reform", breaking the old and establishing the new, supporting the war with agriculture and becoming rich, gradually annexing the six countries and taking the road of "unification at home". After the governance of filial piety, Wang Huiwen, Wu Wang, Zhao Wang, Wang Xiaowen and Zhuang Xiang Wang, it took Qin Wang only ten years (230- 22 1) to "destroy the six countries and unify China". It has ended the old era that has plagued for hundreds of years and opened a new era of world unity.
There is not much literature about the territory of the old times. The territory of the Xia Dynasty spanned the north and south sides of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the Shang Dynasty destroyed the Xia Dynasty. The territory extends to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but there is no clear boundary. After the demise of the Western Zhou and Shang Dynasties, it was called "the universal world, not the land of kings". ("Poetry Xiaoya Beishan") According to Zhan Huanbo, a physician in the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period: "I entered Hou Ji in the summer, Wei, Qian, Rui, Qi and Bi, and I was also in the west; And the king of Wu, Pu Gu, Shang, choose it, my east soil is also; Ba, Pu, Chu, Deng, my southern soil also; Su Shen, Yan, Hao, I am from the north. " (Nine Years of Zuo Gong) The royal family of the Zhou Dynasty has not been unified in this range. The royal family only occupies the area within the Bunge, and others are in an independent or semi-independent state. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined and great powers competed for hegemony. During the Warring States period, the seven chivalrous men fought for each other, but there was no unification. It was not until Qin Shihuang that "the six kings were completed and the four seas were one" (Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu) fundamentally changed the original territorial situation. However, the value of Qin Shihuang is not entirely here; However, because he didn't stop advancing after destroying the Six Kingdoms, he ordered Wang Jian, the military commander of Chu, to continue to March to the southeast. East Vietnam surrendered and included its territory in Huiji County (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). Fujian surrendered and established Minzhong County (now Fuzhou, Fujian) on the spot. He also ordered Wei Tusui and others to March into Lingnan and set up three counties in the north of South Vietnam: Nanhai (now Guangzhou, Guangdong), Guilin (now Guiping, Guangxi) and Xiang (now Chongzuo). He also ordered Chang Lian to March to the southwest, opening Wuchi Road, and then passing through Yibin, Nantong, Sichuan and Qujing, Yunnan. In the thirty-second year of the first emperor (2 15 BC), Meng Tian, a general, was ordered to lead 300,000 foot soldiers to drive the Xiongnu northward, recover Henan (now Yikezhao League in Inner Mongolia) and set up 34 counties. Crossing the river in the north, according to Yinshan Mountain, connects the old Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan into a whole, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west, the Yalu River in the east and the Xiongnu in the north. This is the famous Great Wall of Wan Li. At this time, the territory of the Qin Dynasty was "east to Haidong and Korea, west to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, north to Hukou (now central Vietnam), north to rivers, and Yinshan to Liaodong". The biography of Qin Shihuang was at least five times larger than the Western Zhou Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the territory of today's motherland.
(2)
The second great achievement of Qin Shihuang was "abolishing feudalism and establishing counties". The word "feudalism" refers not to the social nature, but to the political system. That is, the provincial language of "sealing princes and building princes". Some people understand that this is just to change the local administrative system, for example, "change the country into a county, and wait until it is settled." This understanding is too superficial. Its actual content is many, including the comprehensive and thorough reform of all political systems from the central government to the local government, including the reform of the personnel system.
The old political system before the reform was established on the basis of the blood clan system, which began in Xia Dynasty and developed in Shang Dynasty. By the early Western Zhou Dynasty, a relatively perfect system had been formed. The core values of this system are: strict distribution of rights and interests; Unify the ordinary with the office, and assist the office with the office. He said: "Feudal relatives, to screen the week." ("Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-four Years") In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, this system was used to rule the world, and both the royal family and the vassal States achieved stability and development, which proved that this system was effective at that time. However, 200 years later, this system is increasingly decadent and not observed by people. The first incident that seriously undermined patriarchal politics occurred in the Zhou royal family. Such as waste Shen, another concubine praise; He also abolished the prince born after the application and set up another "dress" for the prince. This incident angered Shen Hou's father Shen Hou. He joined forces with dogs to attack Haojing (now Anxi, Shaanxi), the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and killed the King You, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. Prince Yijiu was named King Ping and moved to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in the east, which was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. It seems that the royal family and rulers of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty did not learn the lessons they should have learned from the Wang You incident. Starting from Huan Wang, the son of Wang Ping, almost several generations have abolished their official positions and established their own societies, all of which triggered wars. Vassal powers such as Qi, Lu, Wei, Jin, Zheng, etc. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the physician Xin Bo warned: "After the merger, the governments of the two countries, even the countries, are also the basis of chaos." "After the merger" means "I look like a queen"; "Ma Di" means "ordinary as Di"; "Second House" means "My life is good"; "Lianguo" means "all are like one country". (Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Eighteen Years and Du Zhuzhuan) For these reasons, in the Spring and Autumn Period of more than 200 years, "thirty-six governors were killed and fifty-two countries were destroyed, and countless governors could not protect their families." (Preface to Biography of Taishigong in Historical Records) During the Warring States Period, the patriarchal clan system became increasingly infighting due to decay, and Dr. Qing, a different surname, took advantage of it. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, several different Jin surnames, namely, Han, Zhao and Wei, controlled the regime of Ji surnames and divided the land of Ji surnames into three parts. In 403 BC, King Wei Lie of Zhou gave three princes. In the first 376 years, the three schools destroyed the gold. Qi Guojun's real name is Chiang Kai-shek, but another family named Tian has taken control of Chiang Kai-shek's state power. In the first 386 years, King An Guo of Zhou gave Tian He a vassal and replaced him with Chiang Kai-shek, still taking Qi as the country name. Guandong, including Yanchu, the old and new six countries have carried out some reforms, but the results have been minimal. Basically, the old system and the old forces are dying. Once Qiang Qin attacks, he will abandon his helmet and armor and wait for death.
Qin Shihuang's innovative system can be said to have completely eliminated the fetters and patterns of the old patriarchal clan system, and created a systematic and complete national system based on the actual needs of politics and society at that time. For the convenience of explanation, this paper is divided into two levels: central and local, with two examples each, which are briefly introduced below.
First, the central government-headed by the emperor, consists of three officials and nine ministers.
1. The emperor is the head of state-Qin Shihuang dared to "break the system of the former king" and abolish the "king" as "emperor" because of the need of comprehensive reform. The emperor is no longer the "big head" of his old family, but the supreme monarch. Correspondingly, the queen is not the wife of the old king, but the woman in charge of the sixth house and the mother instrument world. The Crown Prince is not the "eldest son" of the old clan, but Chu Jun, the legal heir to the throne. The establishment of this new system will reduce the probability of "merger, division, two governments or even countries" in the old system and eliminate the source of confusion.
2. The central government agency is composed of three officials and nine officials-abolishing the old system of recording records in the Qing Dynasty or the so-called world official system, and the central government agency is composed of three officials and nine officials to deal with daily political affairs. Sangong is the Prime Minister, Qiu, and an imperial envoy. The prime minister is the "head of a hundred officials", but he is not an old butcher, but an assistant to the emperor. So he said, "I am the son of heaven, and I am the assistant." ("Han Shu Gongqing Table", quoted below, no longer noted) Qiu is in charge of the military, and the physician is in charge of the deputy prime minister and supervision. Jiuqing is in charge of general politics, such as soldiers, criminals, money valley, etc. Jiuqing is not enough, and it is set for things. Officials and officials are non-officials and are appointed and removed by the emperor.
The Qin Dynasty is a multi-ethnic country, and classic countries such as Jiuqing and Lieqing are in charge of ethnic affairs. "Official List" said: "The guest of honor, the official of the Qin Dynasty, is loyal to Yi Yi. ..... There are pedestrians, translators, no fire, three orders, Cheng and the county guard and Cheng. " "Chao Gai Guo, Qin official, who surrendered to barbarians, ... is an official, nine translation orders." There were only sixteen ministers of the Qing Dynasty in the Central Committee of the Qin Dynasty, and two ministers of the Qing Dynasty were in charge of ethnic affairs, which showed that Qin Shihuang attached great importance to ethnic issues.
Second, local administration-local administration is divided into two levels: county and county, and grassroots is divided into townships, pavilions and villages.
1. The local administration is a county system-Qin Shihuang completely abolished the old system of dividing fields and sealing Hou. At first, the world was divided into 36 counties, and later it increased to 40 counties. Each county is directly under the central government, with three officers: garrison, commandant and supervisor, who are responsible for administration, military affairs and supervision respectively. There are three counties under the county, namely, viceroy (chief), viceroy, viceroy, who are in charge of administration, civil supervision and military affairs. County officials are appointed and removed by the emperor.
2. In the rural pavilion-incorporate natural settlements into the rural pavilion in the grassroots administrative area. There is a township under the county, and there is a pavilion village in the township. Grass-roots officials in rural areas have three elders, Tingchang, and Li Zheng, all of whom elected wealthy local householders as their heads.
Qin Shihuang's innovation system is a relatively complete and systematic multi-ethnic, unified and centralized national system. The establishment of this new system marks the development of China's ancient political system to a higher stage, and is also a model of China's ancient political civilization. From the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system (Biography of Ban Biao in the Later Han Dynasty) to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Qin system was the basic model of the state system. This system is the patron saint of the Chinese nation. For more than 2,000 years, the defense of territory, national unity, social stability, national unity, economic development and cultural inheritance all depend on this system.
(3)
Qin Shihuang's third great achievement was "unifying the economic system and writing". In the past, the economic systems and characteristics of these seven countries were quite different. Xu Shen, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said: "(Warring States) is divided into seven countries, with different fields, different paths, different laws, different clothes, different sounds and different characters." The existence of these problems is extremely unfavorable to a unified country. Qin Shihuang ordered the unification of many things, the most important of which is briefly described as follows.
1. "Make thousands of hands self-sufficient in land" and implement private ownership of land-the so-called "different mu of land" not only refers to the difference in the size of mu, but also includes land ownership and related issues. The long-term accumulation of problems has formed a long-standing problem. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the state-owned land system was called Jing Tian system. By the Spring and Autumn Period, this system was out of date, resulting in a situation of "no land to cultivate, and Wei Yan was arrogant" (Poem Qi Feng Fu Tian). It reflects that the social relations of production at that time did not adapt to the new productive forces. It also affects the country's tax revenue. In this case, many countries are carrying out "tax reform". In the first 645 years, the state of Jin first "farmed"; Secondly, Qi's "land tax", or "land tax"; Lu's "First Tax Mu"; Chu's "Book Tutian" and "Measure into Xiufu"; Zheng Guo "wrote Qiu Fu"; Qin tax reform was the latest, and in the first 408 years, grain was rented at the beginning. But tax reform alone cannot solve the fundamental problem. In the fifty years after "renting grain for the first time", the State of Qin adopted the method of Shang Yang, "All people have to buy and sell except mining fields." (History of Eating Goods in Han Dynasty) Qin took the lead in completely abolishing the old state-owned land system and implementing private ownership of land. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in the thirty-first year (2 16 BC), he ordered "making money self-sufficient first". (The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang quoted Xu Guangyu) That is, the state-owned land system was abolished nationwide and the private land system was implemented. Farmers truthfully register their fields and pay taxes per mu. The promulgation of this decree by Qin Shihuang marked the establishment of private ownership of land in ancient China.
2. Unified currency, weights and measures, and train tracks-this matter was presided over by the left and right prime ministers Wei Xiao and Wang Wan, and was unified on the basis of the original Qin system. This move has played a positive role in stabilizing social order, improving people's lives, facilitating state taxation, promoting non-governmental trade and forming a larger market.
3. Unified writing-Chinese characters are homologous, which has reached the Oracle Bone Inscriptions stage of Shang Dynasty and is quite mature. In the Warring States period, countries were divided and ruled for a long time, and various factors such as "abnormal words" affected the development of characters, resulting in the phenomenon of "abnormal words". After Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Tingwei Lisi was ordered to preside over the unified writing. On the basis of the original Qin font, Li Si created Xiao Zhuan (or) with fixed font, simple strokes and convenient writing, which was promoted throughout the country. Unified writing has played a great role in consolidating national political unity and promoting economic and cultural development.
(4)
Qin Shihuang's mistakes were also very serious. There are two main errors:
1. Burning books to bury Confucianism-Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, killing a large number of innocent literati and scholars and seriously destroying the ancient culture of China. This is a political atrocity.
2. The corvee is too heavy and shows no sympathy for the people's strength-Qin Shihuang should immediately implement a light tax policy after destroying the six countries and give the people a chance to "recuperate". But he was overjoyed. He built a great project in China, but went on an expedition outside, which made the broad masses of people miserable. So Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up, and the world responded and overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
On the whole, Qin Shihuang did more than he did. His merits and demerits are valuable cultural heritage of our country. Well, we should cherish, criticize, inherit and carry forward. What is bad should also be summarized as a lesson and always be taken as a warning.
The last paragraph can be changed to be more detailed, and words such as dialectically treating people's mistakes can be added.
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