Chinese name: paul ehrlich mbth: paul ehrlich Nationality: German Nationality: Jewish Birthplace: Silesia, Germany. Date of birth:1March 854 14 Date of death:1965438+August 20, 2005 Occupation: scientist. Graduation school: University of Leipzig Main achievements: 1908 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Representative works: tissue staining therapy and experiment, trypanosoma chemotherapy, etc. Personal introduction, main experience, memorabilia, honor, "606" drug, drug introduction, research and development background, difficulties encountered, first encounter with hardships, successful research, personal introduction mainly experienced paul ehrlich's translation of ehrlich in paul ehrlich and paul ehrlich from 1854 to 19 15. German immunologist. One of the founders of chemotherapy. 1March 854 1854 was born in Str? m, Silesia, Germany (now Schelling, Poland) and died in Bad Humboldt on August 20, 2005. 1878 after graduating from the university of Leipzig with a doctor of medicine, he worked as a teaching assistant, lecturer and associate professor in the affiliated hospital of Berlin university medical college. 1890 works in the institute of infectious diseases led by R. Koch. It is the first time to classify white blood cells according to the dyeing characteristics of the particles contained. The invention of acid-fast staining for tuberculosis. 1890, he studied the problem of immunity, helped E. Behring to produce diphtheria antiserum, and designed a method to determine the amount of antitoxin in units. The theory of wound side chain studies the hemolytic reaction of animal serum and puts forward the word "complement". In his later years, he devoted himself to the research of chemical drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases, and invented the effective drug 606 (arsenic vanadium amine) for the treatment of syphilis, which won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with I.I. Mechnikov. It was awarded the honorary title of 8 1 by academic organizations all over the world. Represents the immunity of cell life. Da Chronicle 1854 March 14 was born in Str? m (now Schelling, Poland) in Silesia, Germany, and got married in 1883. 1878 after graduating from the university of Leipzig with a doctor of medicine, he worked as a teaching assistant, lecturer and associate professor in the affiliated hospital of Berlin university medical college. 1890 works in the institute of infectious diseases led by R. Koch. From 1896 to 1899, he successively served as the director of Steiglitz serum laboratory and Frankfurt Institute of Experimental Therapeutics. In his early years, he studied the affinity of different tissues and cells in organisms with dyes and invented the method of living body dyeing. Identify mast cells and plasma cells. Eosinophils were found; First, identify various types of myeloid leukemia. It is the first time to classify white blood cells according to the dyeing characteristics of the particles contained. The invention of acid-fast staining for tuberculosis. 1890, he studied the problem of immunity, helped E. Behring to produce diphtheria antiserum, and designed a method to determine the amount of antitoxin in units. The theory of wound side chain studies the hemolytic reaction of animal serum and puts forward the word "complement". In his later years, he specialized in the research of chemical drugs for treating infectious diseases and invented the effective drug 606 (arsenic vanadate) for treating syphilis. "606" is the code name of a new drug, that is, "Salfo powder" (vanadate). It is said that it was named because it was successful to try the No.606 dye. And I.I. Mechnikov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. It was awarded the honorary title of 8 1 by academic organizations all over the world. 1965438+died in Bad Humboldt on August 20th, 2005. In immunology, he founded the "side chain theory". This theory provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Paul ehrlich Honors Major Honors Paul ehrlich has also done great research in histology, hematology, biochemistry, pathology and oncology. His main works are Tissue Dyeing Therapy and Experiment, Trypanosoma Chemotherapy Research, Experimental Chemotherapy of Spirillum, Essays on Immunology Research, etc. 1929, Flor Hedewig ehrlich established the paul ehrlich-Ludwig darmstadt Prize, which is the highest medical research prize of the ehrlich Foundation in memory of her husband paul ehrlich. The Ludwig darmstadt Prize was established in memory of paul ehrlich's good friend and famous chemist Ludwig darmstadt. 1952 These two awards merged into the present paul ehrlich-Ludwig darmstadt Award. The paul ehrlich-Ludwig darmstadt Prize is awarded once a year for outstanding achievements in the fields of chemotherapy, bacteriology, immunology, hematology and cancer research. Bonuses are divided into main bonuses and auxiliary bonuses. The main prizes are awarded in even years, including a gold medal and a prize of 50,000 marks; Subsidiary bonuses are awarded in odd years, focusing on young scientists, including a silver medal and a bonus of 50 thousand marks. The German Ministry of Public Health also bears part of the bonus. Introduction of "606" drug in Berlin University "606" Gentamicin, 606 (anti-syphilis drug) was discovered by paul ehrlich Laboratory in 1908. At that time, hundreds of newly synthesized organic arsenic compounds were screened, and the 606th compound was finally confirmed to have anti-syphilis activity. Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which is spread by * * * and is a sexually transmitted disease. It is divided into three stages: primary syphilis. That is, chancre, the incubation period is 2 ~ 4 weeks, and dark red lumps, superficial ulcers, chondroid hardness and lymphadenopathy appear in the external genitalia. Secondary syphilis. After 0/~ 2 months of primary syphilis/kloc-0, symmetrical generalized rashes, macules, papules and pustules appeared on the skin and mucosa of the whole body. Mucosal plaque and verruca plana can appear, which is highly contagious. Tertiary syphilis. It occurs 2 ~ 3 years or even 10 years after infection, and the skin is gelatinous swelling, which can also involve bones, joints, heart and blood vessels. The main manifestations are arteritis, aortic insufficiency and aortic aneurysm. The nerves involved are spinal tuberculosis and general paralysis (paralytic dementia). Congenital syphilis has early congenital syphilis, which is equivalent to the second stage of the day after tomorrow, but it is heavier. Late congenital syphilis is similar to acquired syphilis, but there are few heart, blood vessels and neuropathy. Mainly for substantive keratitis, nervous deafness, Hutchinson's tooth (central incisor, lower small and upper big, equal width), sabre-shaped tibia. There may be latent syphilis between different stages, which is asymptomatic and only seropositive. Paul ehrlich r&d background1in the 1970s, when ehrlich was studying in medical school, cell observation entered a golden age in Germany, which benefited from the development of two major industries in Germany: first, the German optical industry produced more and more sophisticated optical microscopes; One is the dye industry in Germany. Cytologists have tried all kinds of dyes, trying to make different cells and cells with different structures be stained to varying degrees in order to distinguish them under the microscope. Since then, ehrlich has been fascinated by dyes. At first, he studied how to color different cells with different dyes, including distinguishing pathogens invading the human body under the microscope through dyeing, so as to diagnose diseases. He once stained his saliva and found that he had tuberculosis. Soon, he thought that dyes can have more direct medical uses: if dyes can specifically attach to pathogens and not to human cells, then can we also look for drugs from dyes, only attacking pathogens and not human cells, so there will be no side effects on the human body? Ehrlich called this medicine a "panacea". Finding a "panacea" has become his lifelong dream. 1899 after encountering difficulties for the first time, he was appointed as the director of the newly established Frankfurt Institute of Experimental Medicine and began to lead a group of people to realize this dream. What ehrlich wanted to conquer at first was "African sleeping sickness". At that time, people just found that the pathogen of this infectious disease is trypanosoma, which can also infect mice, so mice can be used as experimental animals to test drugs. 1904, ehrlich discovered that a red dye-later called "Trypanosoma Red"-can kill Trypanosoma in mice. Unfortunately, the effect of clinical human trials was not good, so he began to look for new dyes. Previously, a British doctor found that the dye "Atosile" (scientific name: sodium aminobenzoate) can kill trypanosoma to treat drowsiness, but it has serious side effects: Atosile can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness. Ehrlich thinks: Can the molecular structure of atoxic be modified to keep its medicinal properties without toxicity? At that time, chemists had determined the molecular formula of atos il, and atosil had only one nitrogen-containing side chain, which indicated that it was difficult to be modified. But ehrlich thinks that this molecular formula is wrong, and it should have a side chain without nitrogen, so that it can be modified to synthesize various derivatives for experiments. Ehrlich's aides didn't all agree with ehrlich's intuition, and some even refused to carry out ehrlich's instructions and resigned on the spot. Paul Ehrlich's research is successful, but the experimental results show that Ehrlich's guess is correct. The assistants synthesized more than a thousand derivatives of atoxic and experimented on mice one by one. Some are ineffective, while others have serious side effects. Only two seem to have some prospects: derivatives numbered "4 18" and "606", but further experiments show that the latter has no effect. At this time, the pathogen of syphilis, Treponema pallidum, was discovered, and the young Japanese bacteriologist Qin Zuoba Lang found a way to infect rabbits with Treponema pallidum. Ehrlich invited Qin Zuobalang to work in his laboratory and asked him to test whether "4 18" and "606" can be used to treat syphilis. 1909, Qin Zuo Balang found that "4 18" was invalid, while "606" could make rabbits infected with syphilis recover. The results of subsequent clinical trials also showed that "606" was the first drug that could effectively treat syphilis with less toxic and side effects, and it was quickly introduced to the market. As the first inventor of antibacterial chemicals, ehrlich is recognized as the father of chemotherapy. This is the first organized and purposeful attempt to achieve the best biological activity by chemical modification of lead compounds. paul ehrlich is a pioneer in chemotherapy. 19 10606 was marketed under the trade name Salvarsan, which was the first organic substance to treat syphilis, and it was a great progress compared with the inorganic mercury compounds used at that time. 19 12 years, new tetramine sodium (all arsenic compounds, 9 14) with better solubility and easier operation was put on the market. In the 1940s, due to the discovery of penicillin, it replaced arsenic to treat syphilis. To sum up, 606 is banned internationally because of its great side effects. At the same time, due to the discovery of antibiotics, there are safer and more effective drugs to treat syphilis, so 606 and 9 14 are no longer used. Before the discovery of antibiotics, because there was no better way to treat syphilis, 606 and later 9 14 were always used, although their side effects were great. With the discovery of antibiotics such as penicillin, there are safer and more effective drugs to treat syphilis, and the drugs with large side effects are of course no longer used. Qinzuo Shiro