From which emperor did the Qing Dynasty begin to decline? From Daoguang, the Qing Dynasty began to decline. We analyze from the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty:
The rule of the Qing dynasty can be divided into two stages, the first stage (1643? 1796) is the traditional stage of agricultural civilization, and the second stage (1797? 19 12) is a stage of gradual transformation to modern industrial civilization.
The first stage is Emperor Qianlong (1735? 1796) During his reign, the dynasty reached the peak of the development of agricultural civilization, which is common sense.
In the second stage, starting from 1896, the Qing dynasty gradually began to accept western industrial civilization, showing the beginning of development, but began to decline.
Focus on combing and analyzing the process of the second stage:
1, conservative holding stage (from the late Qianlong period to the twentieth year of Daoguang, 1840). The population has increased to about 400 million. Due to the decline of imperial control, tax revenue and government revenue have been fixed at a low level, and there has been a certain financial crisis. Government corruption began, and the rebels (An Baili Sect) tested the legitimacy of the government. However, in the face of the changes in the world system, especially the constant conservatism from the middle and late Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty to Jiaqing for more than 30 years, the ruling elite failed to change their thinking mode and further widened the distance with the western countries at that time. In fact, this important burden Daoguang period broke out in an all-round way, which made Daoguang bear the great responsibility for the decline of the empire.
In fact, Daoguang is by no means a mediocre monarch. In the aspect of rectifying the official management, he dared to start with the relatives of the royal family and disposed of a number of royal families who ran amok. Daoguang's unconventional use of pottery shows that he still has a good eye for people. After Tao Shu's vigorous rectification, the original salt administration in Huainan and Huaibei lost more than 7 million yuan. From the 11th year to the 17th year of Daoguang, the Huai River and Huai River completed the process of collecting more than 26.4 million taels of salt and deposited more than 3 million taels of silver. During his tenure, Daoguang promoted and reused famous ministers such as Lin Zexu and Tao Shu, and cultivated Zeng Guofan. To some extent, if Daoguang did not have great courage in selecting and employing people, then there would naturally be no Zeng Guofan who saved the fate of the Qing Dynasty in the later period.
2. Westernization revival stage (Daoguang 1840 to Guangxu 1894). Twenty years of Daoguang 1840 After the Opium War, European powers implemented it? Unequal treaty? Free trade, extraterritorial jurisdiction and foreign-controlled trading ports. 1850 during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising and 1862- 1877 during the Nianjun Uprising, about 20 million people died, most of them due to famine caused by war.
Despite these disasters, in the Tongzhi Revival Movement in the 1960s of 19, the Han elites united to defend the Confucian rule and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Launch the Westernization Movement.
3. Constitutional transformation stage (Guangxu 1895 to Puyi 19 12). 1894 in the first sino-Japanese war, the initial achievements of the westernization movement were destroyed, and the Qing dynasty lost its possession of Korea and Taiwan Province province. The conservative Empress Dowager Cixi reversed the ambitious 1898 Hundred Days Reform in a coup. At this time, the voice against giving in to foreign forces became louder and louder, which triggered violent opposition from abroad? Boxer? Movement, foreign forces invaded China, Cixi declared war on them, which led to the failure and escape of the imperial court.
After agreeing to sign? Boxer agreement? After the (Xin Chou Treaty), Cixi resolutely ordered the government to carry out unprecedented financial and administrative reforms (that is, the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty), including elections, new regulations and the abolition of censorship, and transformed the Qing Empire into a constitutional state.
1908 After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu, the die-hards of the Manchu government once again obstructed social reform and alienated reformists and local elites. June Wuchang Uprising 19 1 1,1/triggered the Revolution of 1911. 191February 12 Yuan Shikai forced the last emperor Puyi to abdicate through negotiations, and the Qing Dynasty completed its historical mission and withdrew from the historical stage.
At that time, the west was the most powerful existence on the whole earth, and Britain was more famous? Empire when the sun never sets? Because Britain distributes colonies in all corners of the world, because the sun can shine all the time, it is called? Empire when the sun never sets? . There were also warships and artillery made by advanced western productive forces at that time. What was in China at that time? The author remembered Madzar's evaluation of China in those years:? China is like an old warship. It didn't sink because of its shrewd captain. Once incompetent people take command posts, they can't stand the wind and waves. ?
The making of letters of recommendation is related to whether doctoral students can successfully get the opportunity to pursue doctoral studies, and