There was a Song Dynasty who treated literati well. Emperor Mao taught future generations not to punish doctors, and left a book with its own golden house, Yan Ruyu in it, chariots and horses in it, and a thousand bells in it!
According to the Biography of Su Song in the Song Dynasty, in the second year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang, the magistrate of Jinzhou, was sentenced to death for taking bribes and bending the law. The judicial officer sentenced him to crutches and hanging, and then sent him to the island. Su Song, a court official, told after hearing the case that in ancient times, doctors were not punished, and Zhang lived in five categories. If he is punished with chains to associate with slaves, even if he is not worthy of pity, the punishment is too heavy, because it insults the doctor's reputation.
Song Shenzong thought it was reasonable, so he was exempted from the punishment of Zhang's stick and torture, and he was exiled to Hezhou. From then on, the staff method no longer applied to officials and became a fixed legal system in the Song Dynasty. This is the concrete institutionalization of the principle of "punishment is not on the doctor".
However, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Qinzong and Song Huizong were the only two emperors who accused Jingkang of shame. When Song Huizong broke through the obstacles set by civil servants to inspect Jingwei, he found that there were only 30,000 to 50,000 people claiming to be 800,000 imperial guards, and half of them were old, weak and sick. After a glass of wine liberated the soldiers, the Tang Dynasty, the last martial dynasty in the Han Dynasty, was completely over.
Official standard is the core of ancient official standard culture. Officials not only have power, but also wealth, reputation and various privileges; Being an official is first of all an identity level, and then a career. Ideologically speaking, "those who do things govern the people and those who do things govern the people" is the basic value orientation of traditional culture. The old adage that "everything is inferior, only reading is high" can also be extended to "only being an official is high". This is mainly because being an official has various advantages.
First of all, in the ancient social stratification system, people in the Yuan Dynasty were divided into ten classes, and officials ranked first, that is, "officials" represented a higher social status. Secondly, promotion and getting rich are always closely linked.
Official positions can bring huge economic benefits. In addition to the normal salary, officials also have various benefits, such as occupying land, not paying taxes, refusing to accept labor, giving annual rewards, and subsidizing bad rules. Third, the law also gives officials various privileges. Even if princes and nobles commit crimes, there is a system of "eight discussions" or "official duties", which can be exempted or given a lighter punishment.
The selection of civil servants depends on filial piety and honesty in the early stage, and on the imperial examination in the later stage. All the selected civil servants are the essence of literati, that is, people who can represent the whole literati collective. It should have nothing to do with the battlefield in Hot Blood Jianghu, but in the later period, the literati became more radical and became as if they had taken a gun and taken medicine. As long as they demand peace, they immediately criticize those people for "traitorous" and "shameless", and then criticize them from the moral high ground.
After the country was kidnapped by these guys, it went further and further, and finally it could only be overthrown, so the Ming Dynasty was finally slaughtered by slaves; After the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty never recovered and lost the recognition of the people. Finally, Sun Wen and Yuan Shikai buried it together.
In fact, the literati in the early years were not like this. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, military attaché s were completely composed of pure military groups, and the civil and military groups were independent of each other and did not intersect. Literati can only turn themselves into soldiers if they want to talk about war. Just like Ban Chao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he began to prepare himself with culture. Later, I felt unrealistic and bored, so I joined the army and guarded the western regions for the Eastern Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, the civil and military classes are not harmonious, but they are also excluded.
As early as the end of the Tang Dynasty, the traditional military system of "officers and men" collapsed, but in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the soldiers became independent, so the emperor believed that this was the reason why the soldiers formed their own system. In order to balance the army and the people, the emperor assigned the right of logistics support, equipment distribution, material management and military decision-making to the army. The benefits are obvious, that is, soldiers become accessories and vassals of civilians.
Sometimes senior military attaché s salute junior civil servants. For example, in the letter from Wanli star Qi Jiguang to Huijizhang, he claimed to be "a small slave". Although Qi Jiguang's official position is not high, he will not become a running dog, and the military attache is subordinate to the civilian.
But the disadvantages of this arrangement are also obvious. Scholars control the army, which leads to soldiers being constrained everywhere. In the eyes of scholars, "honor" is always more important than "success or failure", and the pursuit of "honor" is almost abnormal, so that regardless of the outcome, this leads to the country being badly pitted by them again and again.
For example, Zhuge Zhan, the son of Zhuge Liang, usually led superior troops to stop it when Wargo attacked Yin. At this time, if Zhuge Zhan stays behind like Sima Yi, what can he do with Zhuge Zhan? Alas, just to win a sigh of relief, Zhuge Zhan won the goad of Wargo, regardless of the future of the country, and finally died in the army, even the last bit of Shu was released together.
He is loyal, but this is actually a reckless loyalty that gambles on the future of the country to achieve his reputation, which is really hard to recognize.
China was ruled by literati in ancient times. The technicians were the lowest-priced craftsmen, the literati were the highest, then the peasants, then the craftsmen, and the businessmen were the lowest. All new technologies have appeared. When all businessmen apply new technologies to improve productivity, they will always be worthless in the eyes of those nonsense literati.
The overall image of ancient intellectuals is usually a sensible, delicate and fragile appearance, which also represents the laziness of not knowing the taste of sorrow and the fact that "there are thousands of words when writing, but there is really nothing to do". In addition to some admiration for their social status and knowledge level, in the eyes of the world, "all are scholars."
Scholars may have backbone and ambition, but they never look down on the development of technology. Under the leadership of such a literati group, China's ingenious "craftsmen" will never get ahead.
Scholars' misunderstanding of the country does not mean that they have no ambition or backbone, but that they never attach importance to the development of science and technology and do not advocate the progress of science and technology, and even they will hinder the development and progress of science and technology. They have empty ideas, but they don't know how to realize them. This is the root of the literati's misunderstanding of the country.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-civil servants
Baidu Encyclopedia-Wrong Country
Baidu Encyclopedia-Being a doctor can't be punished.