Hao Han is one of the important khanates established by Uzbeks in Central Asia, bordering China in the east. The Qing dynasty began to deal with Xinjiang in the process of unifying Xinjiang, which lasted for more than a century until it was annexed by Russia. It was a vassal of the Qing Dynasty at first, and then it gradually became an invader of Xinjiang by the Qing Dynasty, and what ran through the whole process was its business dealings with Xinjiang by the Qing Dynasty. This period of history is not only an important aspect of Xinjiang's local history in the Qing Dynasty, but also an important chapter in the international relations in Central Asia at that time, which is worth studying. In the past, when discussing the history of China, Xinjiang or Central Asia, most academic circles at home and abroad involved in this topic, and some achievements were made, but on the whole, these studies were relatively open and not systematic enough. Zhiping Pan's The Wide Circle of Central Asia and Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty is a new achievement of this research, which is a step forward on the basis of previous studies.

The book Central Asian Countries and Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty comprehensively discusses the relationship between Central Asian countries and Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty in chronological order, sorts out the development clues of this relationship, divides the different development stages of this relationship, analyzes the reasons for promoting the development and changes of this relationship, and outlines the outline of this relationship. Some contents, such as how Hao Han rose, how Hao Han pushed his luck to the Qing Dynasty, how the Qing Dynasty gave way to Hao Han step by step, how Hao Han invaded my Pamirs, and how the people of my Pamirs repelled the invaders, were written in great detail and depth.

Data is the basis of scientific research. One of the keys to the success or failure of a paper or a book is whether the information is sufficient. In the Qing Dynasty, many countries in Central Asia and Xinjiang also made remarkable achievements in collecting and utilizing information. The book not only uses a lot of common materials, but also tries to collect and use some unusual materials. What is particularly worth mentioning here are the Muslim materials in Central Asia and China and Xinjiang and the archives of China. The excavation and utilization of these materials not only enriches the content of this book, but also provides favorable conditions for further study of Xinjiang local history and Central Asian history.

Whether writing a paper or a monograph, we should not only concentrate on demonstrating the proposed theme, but also solve various specific problems one by one. Solving these specific problems can add color to articles and works; If you can't solve it well, or walk around and avoid talking about it, you will lose color in articles and works. In this respect, the vast countries of Central Asia and Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty is also quite effective. For example, the meaning of Fogan, the origin of Hao Hancheng, and the determination of the position of some Karen people are all examples. Of course, whether the explanation of these specific problems is completely correct remains to be tested by time and appraised by experts, but two things are certain: (1) is based on historical data; (2) After careful consideration.

With the help of maps, the geographical conditions discussed are visualized to help readers better understand the relevant contents in the book, which is a method often used in modern history books. In the Qing Dynasty, authors from Central Asia and Xinjiang also paid attention to this method and achieved good results. This book is accompanied by eight maps. In order to understand some geographical conditions in the western part of southern Xinjiang, the author also went there for a field trip.

In China, some achievements have been made in the study of the history of Central Asia in recent years, but compared with other countries, it is still quite backward, which is extremely disproportionate to China's international status. We should study hard, work hard and make progress step by step, so as to catch up and make our due contribution. It is necessary to strengthen special research and special history research, firmly grasp the main problems and make great efforts. What should we focus on? According to my contact, there are some questions as follows.

First, the relationship between economy and economy. The history of Central Asia is closely related to the Silk Road, and the most basic connotation of the Silk Road is the economy of countries and places along the route and their mutual exchanges. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the development of sea routes, this kind of economic exchange was weakened, but it never stopped. This can also be seen from the vast country of Central Asia and Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty. Even during Agubo's invasion of Xinjiang, the traditional trade between Xinjiang and its western neighbors continued. The economic exchanges between countries and places are rooted in the economic development of each country and place. Strengthening the study of the history and economy of Central Asian countries and places is the basic part of deepening the study of Central Asian history.

Second, culture and cultural relations. Another important connotation of the "Silk Road" is the cultures of countries and places along the route and their mutual relations. What is usually called the cultural exchange between the East and the West happens to be the intersection of Central Asia. Studying the cultures of Central Asian countries and places in different periods can further reveal the essence and rich content of cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Of course, the study of Central Asian culture can not only focus on the cultural exchanges between the East and the West, but more importantly, it is necessary to clarify the local indigenous culture. Now we know that the traditional culture of Central Asian countries and regions has a long history and rich contents, among which nomadic culture is the most distinctive and lacking in research.

Third, ethnic relations. Central Asia has been a multi-ethnic region since it was recorded in writing. The rise and fall of ethnic groups, friendly exchanges and conflicts between ethnic groups, ethnic migration and immigration, the integration of different ethnic groups, the decomposition of a nation into different ethnic groups, etc., constitute a historical picture. It is no exaggeration to say that in the history of Central Asia, there is no event or movement that has nothing to do with the nation. In-depth study of the characteristics and relations of various ethnic groups is another important link to comprehensively grasp the history of Central Asia.

Fourth, religion and its influence. The oldest and most famous religions in the world, such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Nestorianism, were once popular in Central Asia. Since Islam was introduced into Central Asia, it has been prosperous. Taoism and Confucianism in Chinese mainland also spread to Central Asia. Shamanism is a primitive religion, which was once popular among many ethnic groups. The existence of these religions is an important part of the history of Central Asia, and their historical role in politics, culture and social life is particularly important. From the vast countries in Central Asia and Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty, we can see how significant the role of Islam and Hezhe nationality in the history of Central Asia is!

Of course, the actual content of the history of Central Asia is much broader than this, so it is natural to study other aspects. no