1. Experience the function of quoting famous sayings to demonstrate arguments.

2. Taste the rigor of argumentative language expression.

3. Grasp the rigorous argumentation structure of argumentative papers.

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background information

Gu Jiegang (1893- 1980) is a historian and folklorist in China, a representative of the ancient history school, and one of the pioneers of historical geography and folklore in China. He is the author of The Confucian Scholars of Qin and Han Dynasties, A Study of Huang San, A Preliminary Collection of Miscellaneous Knowledge in Shilin, A Collection of Studies on Meng Jiangnv's Stories, etc.

Doubt and Learning is selected from popular prose. Its title is a related topic. On the surface, they are side by side. In fact, the focus is on the importance of "doubt". Doubt is the premise and means of all learning. Without skepticism, there will be no new inventions and new theories.

The accumulation of new knowledge

1. Difficult words

Cheng Yi (yí), such as (pí)? Step (zhòu)? Laziness (Du)

Shushi (shú) Confucian scholar (rú) stagnation (ZH) illusion (wàng).

2. Definition of words

(1) A letter book is better than no book: generally speaking, don't be superstitious and stick to books.

(2) Self-defeating: The descriptive argument is untenable and cannot withstand refutation or attack.

Text research

Objective 1: Experience the function of quoting famous sayings to demonstrate arguments.

1. What's the use of quoting famous scholars at the beginning?

Thinking guidance

Citation argument is a kind of reasoning, also known as "citation method", that is, citing famous sayings or opinions as arguments, citing classics to analyze problems and explain reasons.

Generally speaking, quoting famous sayings at the beginning of an argumentative paper can play several roles: it can lead to topics or arguments, prove the central argument as an argument, and sometimes enhance reading interest.

Understanding breakthrough

At the beginning of the article, the author quoted the famous sayings of two philosophers in the Northern Song Dynasty: "A scholar must doubt first", "He who doubts but does not doubt has never learned; Learning must be suspicious. " This paper puts them at the beginning in order to clearly put forward the point of this paper:?

? . At the same time, the famous words of scholars themselves are also? The argument proves the central argument and greatly enhances the persuasiveness of the article.

What's the function of quoting scholars' famous sayings at the beginning of skepticism? )

Goal 2: Grasp the rigorous argumentation structure of argumentative writing.

2. What is the relationship between the two clauses in the first sentence of paragraph 6? What role does it play in the full text?

In order to understand the relationship between clauses, we must understand the common complex sentence relationship. Common complex sentences have the following seven relationships:

(1) coordinate compound sentence: "There are both ... and ..."

(2) Progressive complex sentences: "Not only ……, but also …", "especially" and "even".

(3) Choose complex sentences: "Yes or No", "No or No" and so on.

(4) Turning complex sentences: "Although (though) ..., but (but, but) ..." and so on.

(5) Causality complex sentence: "Because ……, so …" "Since …… then ……" and so on.

(6) Hypothetical complex sentences: "If (if, if) ... then (just) ..." "Even if ..." and so on.

(7) Conditional complex sentences: "As long as ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Understanding breakthrough

"Doubt is not only a necessary step to distinguish authenticity, but also a basic condition for establishing new theories and inspiring new inventions from positive aspects." Judging from the related words, "not only ... but also ...", these two clauses should be related.

Judging from the content of this paper, "doubt" is "a necessary step to distinguish authenticity", which is the first argument of this paper, and "doubt" is also the basic condition for constructing new theories and inspiring new inventions from the front, which is another argument of this paper.

So, what does this sentence do in the text? The transitional role of. The preceding clause is a summary of the above discussion; The last sentence begins with the following, and puts forward the arguments to be discussed later.

What is the relationship between the two clauses in the first sentence of paragraph 6? What role does it play in the full text? )

Goal 3: Taste the rigor of argumentative language expression.

There are four short sentences beginning with "Chang" in the sixth paragraph. Can their order be adjusted at will? Why?

Thinking guidance

Generally speaking, judging whether the order of words or sentences can be changed mainly depends on these two aspects: First, whether their order corresponds to the context. The second is to see if they have a certain time and spatial order, for example, from ancient times to the present, from the middle to the outside; Or logical order, such as from primary to secondary, from shallow to deep, from perceptual to rational, from cause to effect, etc.

Understanding breakthrough

"All scholars, not only on folklore, but also on the theories of scholars of past dynasties, often argue with the theories in the book, often judge the theories in the book, and often revise the theories in the book: only in this way can we produce newer and better theories."

The first word "Chang" is followed by "be skeptical", the second word "Chang" is followed by "argue with the teachings in the book", and the "doubt" mentioned in the previous sentence is "debate"? Conditions; In the theory of reviewing books mentioned after the third "Chang" and the theory of revising books mentioned after the fourth "Chang", is "review" also "revision"? Conditions.

What are the four steps of "doubt", "debate", "judgment" and "correction"? This relationship reflects people's thinking process of questioning past theories and finally realizing innovation. So the order can't be adjusted. If you change the order, it is not in line with people's understanding of things.

? There are four short sentences beginning with "Chang" in the sixth paragraph. Can their order be adjusted at will? )

Summary of key points and difficulties

Think carefully and go deeper and deeper.

After quoting famous sayings at the beginning and clearly putting forward the central argument, the article demonstrates it from both positive and negative aspects respectively. The first sentence of paragraph 6 is a progressive complex sentence connecting the preceding with the following, which summarizes two sub-arguments. When discussing the previous argument that "doubt is a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood", the first thing to say is to be skeptical about legends and think. Then it is put forward that no matter what kind of books or knowledge, we should distinguish right from wrong through our own "doubts" and "thinking", discuss the significance of distinguishing and eliminating fakes from the negative, and then discuss the role of establishing new theories and inspiring new inventions from the positive. This paper discusses the necessity and significance of skepticism in the process of learning from shallow to deep, with clear level and comprehensive accuracy.

Class summary

This paper discusses the viewpoint that "scholars must be skeptical before learning", emphasizes the important role of skepticism in the learning process, and advocates that scholars should be skeptical, not blindly following and not superstitious. The author's exposition on the relationship between doubt and learning is instructive to today's scholars or readers.

Wenduan training ground

Read the following paragraph and complete the question 1-3.

(1) Doubt is not only a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood on the negative side, but also a basic condition to construct new theories and enlighten new inventions on the positive side. It is ideological laziness to admit what others say without thinking or discount. (3) Such a brain is always passive and can never learn. Only the brain that often doubts and asks questions has problems, and if there are problems, it wants to find answers. ⑤ In the process of constantly questioning and solving, all knowledge will rise. ⑥ Many great thinkers and philosophers in universities are cultivated from doubts. 7. Dai Zhen, a great scholar in the Qing Dynasty, read Zhu's "University Chapters" when he was young and asked when the book was written and when Zhu was from. The teacher told him that "Da Xue" was a book of Zhou Dynasty, and Zhu was a great scholar of Song Dynasty. He asked how the Song people more than 1000 years ago knew what the author meant. 9. All scholars, not only for popular legends, but also for the theories of scholars of past dynasties, often argue with the theories in the book, often judge the theories in the book, and often revise the theories in the book: only in this way can we produce updated and good theories. New inventions in science, new theories in philosophy and new styles in art are all produced in this way. ⑾ If later scholars stick to the old sayings of predecessors, there will be no new problems and inventions, all academics will stagnate and human culture will not progress. 1. The central argument of this passage is:?

2. But the words "everything" and "four" often "appear" on all scholars, not just for folklore ... Only in this way can newer and better theories be produced and deleted? Why?

3. What is the expression effect of underlined sentence ⑦ ⑧?

18. Doubt and learning

Text research

1. Academic research should be skeptical; Justification.

2. Progressive relationship; Connecting the preceding with the following.

3. Premise; Premise; Step by step.

Wenduan training ground

1. Doubt is the basic condition for establishing new theories and enlightening new inventions from the front.

2. No, these words are used to emphasize that all scholars are included, and we should always be good at doubting, questioning, judging and correcting the theories of past scholars, which is the basic condition for establishing new theories. This reflects the rigor of argumentative language.

3. By using the empirical method, taking Dai Zhen's questioning of "College Chapters and Sentences" as an example, the viewpoint that "doubt is the basic condition for building new theories and inspiring new inventions" is proved from a positive aspect.

utilize

Question 1

First, the basic knowledge

Write the corresponding Chinese characters in brackets according to pinyin.

Innovative spirit is indispensable in our work, if everyone is serious? ) rules, then we have been tíngzhì (? ) Not before.

analyse

Hang in there? stagnate

Question 2

Second, reading comprehension.

Read Zhang Yunfu's "Know" and "Know" and complete questions 2-4.

(1) How to read to get the result? Experience shows that it is the key to deal with "in" and "out" in reading. Chen, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "You should know how to advance and retreat when reading. See xian Si Qi, this into calligraphy; Very useful. This is calligraphy. " This theory illustrates the essence of reading.

2 "Entering" in reading refers to the whole-hearted integration of the book you read, and the study and exploration of it. That is, the reader touches the author's heart through words and has a spiritual dialogue with him. Only by "entering the book" can we "treat each other kindly" and realize the "fit" of both sides' moods.

③ How to "enter" in reading? One way is to insist on "thinking carefully". Zhu said: "Generally speaking, you must read this book carefully before you read it, so that everything you say comes from my mouth. After careful consideration, I can make my thoughts come from the heart, and then I can get it. " In other words, we should chew slowly, grasp the content of the article and appreciate the meaning and interest of the work by trying to figure out the language.

(4) On the basis of familiar reading, it is really a recipe for "entering the book". After reading Tao Yuanming's poem "Drinking", Su Shi wrote: "Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely." This sentence is the most beautiful. In recent years, the custom is' looking at the South Mountain', so this article is boring. Su Shi found that although there is a word difference between "looking" and "seeing", the artistic conception is completely different. Why? Because the poems written by Gai express the joy after resigning from his post and returning to the field, he uses the word "see" to express this feeling of peace of mind. If we change it to "hope" and take the initiative to ask for it, it will not only destroy the artistic conception of the whole poem, but also run counter to Tao Yuanming's moral integrity. Su Shi's experience shows that he has a profound understanding of the meaning of the whole poem and the poet's mood; This kind of understanding is inseparable from the "devotion" to the whole poem and from repeated thinking.

⑤ "going out" in reading means that readers can stand on a higher level, analyze and judge the books they read, and explain, evaluate and question them from a new angle. Schopenhauer, a philosopher, advocates that reading should be separated from books, that we should not "enter" books too much, and that we should be brave and good at getting out of books. Reading in this way can avoid "others are replacing our thoughts, and we just repeat the process of his ideological activities"; Only after reading it, can we understand its meaning, understand its purpose, get its essentials, and truly "use it thoroughly."

Lu Xun read many books on evolution in his early years and once believed in social evolution: "I always thought that the future would overcome the past and the young would overcome the old." Later, he discovered the fact that young people were divided in class struggle in his life. "I witnessed that as young people, they were divided into two camps, or joined informers or helped officials catch people, which ruined my idea." In this way, he doubted this theory and found many biases and fallacies. As a result, he abandoned the old knowledge and ideas obtained from books and established the epistemology and methodology of historical materialism in the struggle. His experience and the process of ideological transformation are very enlightening for how to "publish the book" and "use it thoroughly" when reading.

All landowners study, "in", but also "out". "In" is the basis of "out", without which there is no "out"; "Going out" is the purpose of "going in". If you can't get out, you will lose the value and significance of reading. Being able to "get in" and "get out" is the secret that readers must master.

What is the central argument of this article?

Please briefly analyze the arguments of this article.

In which paragraph of this article is the following passage most appropriate? Please provide a justification for the answer.

Ye Shengtao believes: "Words are a bridge, where the reader stands and the author stands. Through this bridge, readers can meet the author, not only meet, but also understand the author's mood, which is in line with the author's mood. "

analyse

Dealing with "in" and "out" in reading is the key to reading effect. (Or: The key to reading is to deal with the "in" and "out" in reading. In other words, being able to "get in" and "get out" is the secret that readers must master. )

First of all, put forward the central argument of the article: dealing with "in" and "out" in reading is the key to achieving reading effect; Then, it analyzes and demonstrates its significance and application in reading from two aspects: "in" and "out". Finally, it is emphasized once again that being able to "enter" and "leave" is the secret that readers must master.

In the second paragraph, this passage quotes Ye Shengtao's words that "readers meet the author through words to understand the author's mood and fit in with the author's mood", which is consistent with the view that "entering" in reading touches the author's heart and has a spiritual dialogue with him.