The main purpose of graduate students, especially doctoral students, is no longer to master knowledge, but to learn how to create knowledge, that is, to learn how to do knowledge and research (including theoretical research and experimental research). Secondly, the main learning style of graduate students is no longer simply reading and listening to lectures, but learning in the process of research. Of course, graduate students still need to master new knowledge or study and attend classes; But this is no longer the main purpose and method of learning, but only a supplement or means to serve the research. Students often say that in order to lay a good foundation for a research, which courses must be completed first. That sounds good, but you must not go to extremes. The correct method should be to add relevant knowledge while studying the problem after mastering certain basic knowledge. If you have to wait until you have mastered all the basic knowledge before you start studying a problem, I'm afraid you won't start real research in your life. Some students will say that students who are determined to take scientific research as their career really need to learn how to do research and learn in the process of research, but I don't plan to do research after graduation, and I will engage in other jobs, which is unnecessary. In fact, this idea is very confusing. Indeed, graduate students may not necessarily engage in scientific research after graduation, let alone engage in research in the same field. They may become politicians, businessmen or entrepreneurs. But if you can learn how to do research and learn in the process of research, you will certainly lay the foundation for future success and accumulate rich nutrition. There is a simple reason. No matter what kind of knowledge or research you do, the process is nothing more than finding the most important or worthwhile topic from thousands of things, then designing and implementing solutions to related topics, and finally analyzing and summarizing the relevant changing laws from the experimental or theoretical research results, analyzing the relevant physical images, or further establishing its relevant mathematical model. The obtained related change laws, physical images or mathematical models can enrich and deepen people's understanding of nature and society, or lay the foundation and point out the direction for the development of related technologies or the solution of social problems. From this perspective, there are striking similarities between the basic methods of scientific research and the handling of social or commercial problems. Everyone needs to grasp the core problem from a thousand things, then design a solution to the problem and conduct research and analysis, and finally solve the problem and summarize the future action guide. Postgraduate entrance examination is undoubtedly the best basic training for all kinds of work in the future, and the research topic at this stage is nothing more than an example of this kind of training. Put into research practice as soon as possible, and immediately start learning how to do research and learn in the process of research.
With the beginning of the new school year, thousands of graduate students and freshmen are entering a new learning stage and a brand-new life journey full of ideals, expectations and inevitable uneasiness. Most graduate students will think about the same question from different angles: how to become an excellent graduate student? You can have different ideas about this question, but there is no unified answer, and no one can say that you can give an accurate answer. Only one thing is certain, that is, the premise of answering this question is to find out the essential difference between graduate students and undergraduates.
A few years ago, we often encountered the following situations. One year or even a year and a half after graduate students enter school, they are often almost used to choosing courses (too many courses or even repeated courses in individual courses may be objective reasons), but they can't participate in the research and repeat the eternal life of "dormitory-canteen-classroom (or library)" every day. Perhaps the only difference with undergraduates is that most courses are preceded by an adjective similar to "advanced". It will only be a year or a year and a half after entering school. In this way, graduate students have almost become "five-year undergraduates" or even "six-year undergraduates", and it is difficult to get real scientific research training. Apart from studying for a few more years, they are not essentially different from undergraduates, and naturally they cannot achieve the real goal of postgraduate training. Of course, with the development of postgraduate education in China, the above situation has been obviously improved, and the atmosphere of putting graduate students into scientific research as soon as they enter school has gradually formed in most research groups. However, this does not mean that all graduate students have correctly understood the essential differences between graduate students and undergraduates. There are still graduate students who are used to being "five-year undergraduate students" from time to time, but they cannot enter the role of graduate students.
So, what is the essential difference between graduate students and undergraduates? I think the essential difference should be reflected in the purpose and method of learning. First of all, the main purpose of graduate students, especially doctoral students, is no longer to master knowledge, but to learn how to create knowledge, that is, to learn how to do learning and research (including theoretical research and experimental research). Secondly, the main learning style of graduate students is no longer simply reading and listening to lectures, but learning in the process of research. Of course, graduate students still need to master new knowledge or study and attend classes; But this is no longer the main purpose and method of learning, but only a supplement or means to serve the research. Students often say that in order to lay a good foundation for a research, which courses must be completed first. That sounds good, but don't go to extremes. The correct method should be to add relevant knowledge while studying the problem after mastering certain basic knowledge. If you have to wait until you have mastered all the basic knowledge before you start studying a problem, I'm afraid you won't start real research in your life. Some students will say that students who are determined to take scientific research as their career should really learn how to do research and learn in the process of research, but I don't plan to do research after graduation and will engage in other jobs, so it is unnecessary. In fact, this idea is very confusing. Indeed, graduate students may not necessarily engage in scientific research after graduation, let alone engage in research in the same field. They may become politicians, businessmen or entrepreneurs. But if you can learn how to do research and learn in the process of research, you will certainly lay the foundation for future success and accumulate rich nutrition. There is a simple reason. No matter what kind of knowledge or research you do, the process is nothing more than finding the most important or worthwhile topic from thousands of things, then designing and implementing solutions to related topics, and finally analyzing and summarizing the relevant changing laws from the experimental or theoretical research results, analyzing the relevant physical images, or further establishing its relevant mathematical model. The obtained related change laws, physical images or mathematical models can enrich and deepen people's understanding of nature and society, or lay the foundation and point out the direction for the development of related technologies or the solution of social problems. From this perspective, there are striking similarities between the basic methods of scientific research and the handling of social or commercial problems. Everyone needs to grasp the core problem from a thousand things, then design a solution to the problem and conduct research and analysis, and finally solve the problem and summarize the future action guide. Postgraduate entrance examination is undoubtedly the best basic training for all kinds of work in the future, and the research topic at this stage is nothing more than an example of this kind of training.
In view of the above reasons, I have a consistent suggestion for my graduate freshmen. Just don't do a five-year undergraduate course, put into scientific research practice as soon as possible, and immediately start learning how to do research and learn in the process of research.
Graduate students are the highest level of China's higher education and a main force for the country to realize scientific and technological innovation. With the reform of China's education system, the number of graduate students has expanded on a large scale, reaching hundreds of thousands every year. These people will be the backbone of scientific research in the future society. Therefore, how to make graduate students lay a good foundation in the learning stage and strive to improve their scientific research and innovation ability is a problem worthy of discussion.
First of all, graduate students should strive to cultivate higher scientific research quality.
Practice has proved that scientific research is a long-term and arduous exploration, which requires researchers to have some special basic qualities and abilities. First of all, it requires researchers to have keen observation, be good at finding problems from some contradictory phenomena, put forward problems correctly and make research plans. To cultivate this kind of sharp-eyed person engaged in scientific research, we must cultivate the spirit of doubt and the ability of independent thinking and judgment, especially not superstitious books and authority. Scientific research often begins with asking questions, which are always accompanied by questions, curiosity and thinking. Only by grasping the key problems and exploring the ability to solve problems in the process of doubt and thinking can we cultivate the unique passion and creative wisdom of scientific researchers. Secondly, researchers should have strong will and tenacious perseverance, which is determined by the characteristics of scientific research work. In order to invent the electric light, Edison experienced thousands of failed experiments and finally succeeded. Facts have proved that anyone will experience many setbacks and failures in scientific research. Only when encountering difficulties and setbacks, not being discouraged, not being discouraged, and always maintaining a good attitude and lasting creativity can we persist in the future and persist in the final success. Scientists have strong will and tenacious perseverance. First, they come from their deep understanding and love for their scientific research work, which is what people often call professionalism. Second, it comes from the long-term hard training of scientific research, which needs to be accumulated bit by bit.
Second, it is very important for graduate students to choose an excellent tutor.
As the saying goes, "the master makes the master." In the history of science, outstanding scientists often have outstanding mentors. According to the mentoring effect of talent growth, choosing a graduate student who studies with an excellent tutor can often make a qualitative leap in scientific research ability in a short time. First of all, this is because graduate students can learn the ability to find and solve problems from excellent tutors. Graduate students can not only learn knowledge from excellent tutors, but more importantly, they can learn the ability to see the essence through phenomena and grasp the core and most important problems. Grasping the important problems will solve half the problems. Secondly, learning from excellent tutors is also helpful to cultivate the scientific spirit and will quality of graduate students. They are often spontaneously formed under the influence of teachers' daily words and deeds. Students can learn the spirit of daring to innovate and pursuing truth, as well as rigorous scientific attitude and style from their tutors, which is directly related to whether graduate students can devote themselves to research and obtain scientific research results in the next decade. In short, graduate students can not only inherit academic ideas, scientific methods and research styles from excellent tutors, but also learn scientific insight and spirit, which will be beneficial to graduate students who are interested in scientific research all their lives. The existing postgraduate education mechanism is a two-way mutual selection system for tutors and postgraduates. The reality is that there are fewer excellent tutors and more graduate students. Therefore, if graduate students want to find excellent tutors, they should collect the introduction materials of relevant excellent tutors according to their professional expertise and hobbies, and then take the initiative to communicate with tutors and dare to recommend themselves.
Third, graduate students should study scientific topics well.
When graduate students engage in scientific research, the first problem they face is how to choose a good research topic. Asking a problem is often more important than solving it. Therefore, graduate students must fully understand the types, principles, methods and processes of topic selection. From a macro perspective, there are many types of topics, but there are usually two, one is an old problem. Many people have studied and discussed these problems, but they have not been solved or completely solved. This kind of problem, often the theories and viewpoints of various factions have been fully expressed, which is a favorable aspect of studying this kind of problem, but it is more difficult to go further and put forward new viewpoints. In order to make a breakthrough in this kind of research, we must meet the following two conditions: first, we must have new relevant information, and second, we must have new research methods. If there is no such condition, you can't rashly choose such a topic; The other is a new problem. The disadvantage of this kind of topic is that there are few or no previous achievements, and the information needs to be searched by yourself. However, this kind of question is easier to put forward new ideas, in other words, it is easier to produce results. The general principle of graduate students' topic selection is to firmly grasp the importance, possibility and practical principles of topic selection. The importance of the research topic is reflected in whether there is innovation in scientific thinking and research methods; The possibility lies in the feasibility of the proposed topic in scientific theory and technology, and whether it is possible to obtain meaningful results; Practicality refers to whether the research topic is both necessary and practical in society. The commonly used methods of selecting topics are: (1) selecting topics for theoretical or practical problems that have been or will be encountered in reality; (2) Selecting topics that are inconsistent with the original theory and new experimental results can often lead to new theories and meaningful new achievements; (3) Select a topic for the imperfections of the new theory, and make scientific and technological inventions on this basis; (4) Find out the problems from the gap between the social demand and the existing production technology, and choose the topic; (5) The topic selection should start with simplicity and concreteness. Especially for graduate students, when they begin to engage in research and scientific and technological inventions, they should try their best to start from simplicity, and as a subject, they must start from concrete and meticulous things, so as to build confidence and do a good job in the subject; (6) The topic selection should be combined with personal professional expertise, interest in learning and the research direction of the tutor. The process of topic selection is generally divided into two steps: one is subject investigation. Mainly through literature retrieval and field research to collect data, and then sort out and analyze the data. The second is to determine the topic. According to the general principles and methods of topic selection, make use of the relevant data of investigation to determine the topic selection and write the opening report. The opening report usually includes: (1) Why you chose this topic; (2) Research status and existing problems at home and abroad; (3) What are the researchers' new viewpoints and ideas on this issue? (4) What aspects should researchers start with and what ideas they have; (5) List references.
Four, graduate students should learn the theory of invention and innovation to guide scientific research practice.
Inventions and innovative designs are regular. International design theorists have studied this for many years and achieved fruitful results. The theory of invention problem solving is a systematic methodology based on knowledge and oriented to people. TRIZ believes that the difficulty of solving a problem depends on the description or stylized method of the problem. The clearer the description, the easier it is to find a solution to the problem. The process of solving the problem of invention is the process of constantly describing and stylizing the problem. After this process, the most fundamental conflict of the initial problem is clearly exposed, and it is clear whether it can be solved. If the existing knowledge can be used for this problem, there will be a solution; if the existing knowledge cannot solve this problem, there will be no solution, which needs to wait for the further development of natural science or technology. Based on the research results of design philosophy and design practice, innovative design theory establishes a distributed or detailed design process model. According to this model, the designer can complete all the activities required by the design step by step. There are five existing innovative design theories and methods: (1) systematic design method; (2) Design method based on decision, (3) Design method based on artificial intelligence theory; (4) Axiomatic design theory; (5) Design theory based on science. If graduate students can systematically learn and master the above theories and methods and apply them to scientific research practice, their goals in scientific research will be clearer and their thinking will be broader, and the efficiency and level of scientific research will be greatly improved, and scientific research results will be achieved faster and better.
On the Guidance of Learning Planning in Postgraduate Stage
As a graduate student, you may have gradually adapted to graduate life. You may be happy that graduate students are so relaxed and free to study. You may be confused about choosing the direction, how to enter the project, and how to carry out research work. However, I have to remind you that the three-year postgraduate study period is not as long as most people think. It is a crucial period for most students' life and career, and there are many important tasks and goals to be laid or completed. Therefore, you need to make an overall plan for your life and study at this stage, constantly explore and improve in practice, and complete the planned tasks as well as possible. The postgraduate study is very different from your previous study in content and form, and you must fully realize this. Based on the knowledge of some experts and our experience, this paper briefly introduces the learning content and tasks at this stage according to the academic year for students' reference. According to different schools and different situations, the time and content may be different for reference only.
Master 1 grade
1 After the semester, fill in the master's course plan as planned. This academic year, we have to complete the degree courses, some compulsory courses and elective courses, and some interdisciplinary students have to make up some professional basic courses of their major. The main task of this semester should be to learn the above courses well and get some credits necessary for graduate students.
The remaining courses are completed in the second semester, and the professional courses are mainly self-study. You will gradually realize that graduate students have more and more freedom in their studies. This not only provides you with a space to display your talents, but also tests your learning ability.
1 academic year, in addition to course study, we should actively read the literature and try to write a 1-2 literature review report; At the same time, some basic hardware development environment, software development platform, simulation tools, design platforms and other tools must also be gradually studied, practiced and familiar, so that you will not spend a lot of time learning tools when needed in future research work.
In the second semester, for some students with good foundation and outstanding ability, you can consider starting to choose the research direction, and start some follow-up research work in this direction or lay the foundation for future research topics. If conditions permit, you can consider participating in the tutor's project with the research group, and gradually understand the research content and research methods of the project, so as to gradually adapt to the research work.
Master level 2
Take the form of regular academic discussions. Academic seminar is an important way to cultivate scientific research ability, teaching ability and expression ability. We should have a correct and full understanding of this and not be absent or late for no reason. At the seminar, you will feel the essential difference between postgraduate study and undergraduate study more and more obviously, and you should consciously adapt to this new learning form as soon as possible. When others report, they should listen carefully and ask questions actively, especially cherish the opportunity of each report. If your ambition is to continue studying for a doctorate after graduating from a master's degree, please take the time to read several classic monographs carefully. Mr. Hua's reading experience of "from thin to thick and from thick to thin" is very suitable for you at this stage. If your ambition is to go to the society after graduation, you should at least start to accumulate and reserve relevant knowledge and skills now, and develop a rigorous work style and your own work ideas.
You may have more free time this year to make you feel relaxed and happy, so this time is fleeting. Your main learning task is to consult the latest literature in this field and study related papers under the guidance of your tutor. On this basis, write the "Literature Reading Report" of 1 to 2, ask the tutor to review it and report it at the seminar. For the choice of papers, it is advisable to go from easy to difficult, and avoid aiming too high. Nevertheless, you may find that most papers are as difficult to read as "red tape". Don't be impatient at this time, mostly because your knowledge reserve is not enough. Please make up the relevant knowledge before reading these papers. If you meet a paper you don't understand, you can discuss it among your classmates. Don't rely too much on and consult the teacher, because the teacher may not have read the paper you read carefully. To do innovative research work, we must first surpass the tutor on a certain topic.
According to the usual requirements, you have to start a project this year, and because you have to find a job in the third academic year, you have to consider things that may make you unable to settle down completely, and you have to write a paper, so this year is the key stage for you to complete the important research content of your paper, so don't relax. At the same time, we should write the research results (progress) into a paper and strive to contribute. Try to attend some academic conferences at home and abroad, get to know graduate students, scholars and famous experts who are engaged in the same or related research work with you, and exchange ideas, which is very meaningful for broadening horizons and improving research ideas. Of course, not every graduate student has the opportunity. Therefore, you must make research progress or achievements that the tutor will affirm, and you must have good ideas.
Or innovation.
Before opening the topic, make sure to complete enough credits required by the postgraduate training plan and complete the thesis opening report. Most tutors advocate students to explore their own potential and choose their own topics. The research in the master's stage can start from imitating other people's works and go deeper and deeper. You can also choose a tutor or sub-topic in doctoral research. This year (or early next year), you have to take the mid-term exam and fill out the postgraduate mid-term checklist. Students who pass the screening will formally continue the thesis stage, and those who fail will graduate early (no degree will be awarded).
Third year of master's degree
In 1 semester, the work should focus on research, make considerable research progress or achievements in the direction of topic selection of dissertation, and publish papers.
Finish the first draft of the thesis at the beginning of the second semester. Revise and polish the thesis, and complete the thesis defense before mid-June. The main achievements of master's degree thesis should reach the level of public publication as much as possible, and the work of engineering master's thesis should focus on application or applied basic research, emphasizing the training of basic skills, analysis and problem solving and expression (written and oral) ability in the research process, so these aspects should be reflected in the thesis.
Because this is the last year of graduate study, you should consider your future after graduation and make corresponding preparations. Whether going to work or taking an exam, you usually need the recommendation of your tutor. It is the duty and obligation of the tutor to make an objective and true introduction to your study in the postgraduate stage. In order to make the recommendation of the tutor more comprehensive and accurate, please prepare a detailed personal introduction material for your reference.
After my postgraduate study and scientific research training, I have mastered the ability of learning and independent thinking, which has laid a certain foundation for independent analysis and problem solving. But learn
Do, study together, study together.
Be-that is, learn how to do, how to get along with others, and how to know yourself. Only by entering the society can we gradually understand and master it. Don't expect to earn a million dollars a year as soon as you leave school, and don't expect to achieve the greatest success with the least labor. All success comes from unremitting efforts. "Plum blossom fragrance comes from bitter cold, and the blade comes from sharpening".
How many three years can a person's life have? Take out your enthusiasm and efforts, do something meaningful, read some meaningful books, study hard and cultivate yourself.
How do master students do projects?
-Advice from doctoral students to master students
1. Read the abstract first, then the paper. Read the outline to understand the concept, and read the book to master the method.
2. Start early, and learn the key techniques before the brothers and sisters leave.
3.
Most articles read abstracts, and a few articles read full texts. If you master the skills of full-text retrieval, you will often take pleasure in obtaining the full text, so that you have no time to read the content of the article, or even disdain to read the abstract. There are not many really useful full texts. Excessive pursuit of full texts is a waste. Don't go to extremes. Of course, it is also wrong to read only the abstract.
4. concentrate on reading literature. You will never forget it after reading it. The more time you spend reading documents, the more time you waste. Pay attention to time, it is easier to connect and form an overall impression.
5. Record and mark the copied or printed documents, and mark or annotate them directly with a pen. Pdf or html
Format, you can use the editor to highlight or change the text color. This is another important means to avoid wasting time. Otherwise, it is equivalent to not reading it.
6. Read the article to be quoted in person. There are too many mistakes caused by references.
7.
Pay attention to the reference value of the article. The influence factors of publications and the number of citations of articles can reflect the reference value of articles. But pay attention to how other articles that quote this article evaluate this article: support or opposition, supplement or error correction.
8.
Communication is the best. It is common for teachers to encounter difficulties in doing experiments. What was your first reaction? Always tried? Give up? Reading? These practices are reasonable, but the first thing that should be thought of is communication. For people with status, private consultation shows your respect for them; For people of the same age, open discussion can make everyone speak freely and be cautious at the same time. Never build a car behind closed doors. An experiment was tossed for half a year, and then someone told you it was a dead end. Isn't it a big loss?
9.
The highest level of ability is the ability to express. No matter how good the job is, it ultimately depends on the approval of others. Expression ability, embodied in writing and speaking ability, is a quality that needs long-term training. For example, if rare cases are found, write a paper and send one; If you can't write well, you can only send a case report. For example, do a project and write one or more papers; If you can't write well, you can only send a work summary or be shot. A picture and a table are all expressions. Hundreds of thousands of words of tender can win a large sum of money; Although the relationship is very important, it is not good to write too badly. Some people say that I don't study PCR, spss, but PPT. This makes sense, the owner of the lab.
On the surface, students rely on a string of ppt.
Walk the rivers and lakes. There are often graduate students who are awed by their quick thinking and clear rules. Graduate students often don't understand, "why do I do most of the work, but the boss asks another person who doesn't do much work to write articles?" Let him speak at the conference? " Don't you see that people have the ability to come with their mouths open?
10.
Learn English well instead of learning a second language. Now whether you go to Japan or Europe, academic exchange has long been the world of English. You don't have to feel sorry for not understanding a French article. The person who wrote that article was worried about not learning English well. If you are not proficient in English, don't learn a second language for a while.