Question 2: What does abstraction mean? Concise and specific abstract should reflect the substantive content of the paper, show enough information about the content of the paper, reflect the innovation of the paper, and show the important outline of the paper, which is generally composed of four elements: specific research object, method, result and conclusion.
Object-is the specific subject range involved in the research, development and investigation of the paper, which reflects the research content, main problems to be solved, the proposal of problems, the establishment of research direction and the positioning of goals.
Method is the principle, theory, conditions, materials, technology, structure, means and procedures adopted in the process of studying the research object, and it is the necessary means to complete the research object.
Results-results, effects, data, determined relationships, etc. The author's research on the research object through experiments and research methods is the result of scientific research.
Conclusion-is the author's analysis, research, comparison, evaluation, application, questions, etc. It is a summary of the results, showing the reliability, practicability and innovation of the research results, reflecting the value and academic level of the research, and it is the window that determines the retrieval of papers.
Matters needing attention in writing
1) What has become common sense in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not well known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
7) Don't quote other people's published works unless the literature confirms or denies them.
8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in writing are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.
Question 3: What does summary mean? Content abstract is also called "content gist", "content summary" and "content introduction". Summarize the general idea of this book.
Question 4: What does the abstract say? Also known as abstract and content summary. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value.
Question 5: What should be written in the abstract of a general paper? First, the abstract definition
Generally, the purpose, experimental methods, results and final conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions. Generally speaking, Chinese abstracts do not exceed 300 words, and foreign abstracts do not exceed 250 substantive words. Figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used are not used in the abstract unless absolutely necessary. You can start a new page before the title page (this page has no text), and the abstract of an academic paper is generally placed after the title and author and before the text of the paper.
Abstracts of papers are also called abstracts and executive summaries. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text. Needless to say, it needs to be scrutinized word by word. The content must be complete, specific and obvious. Although the English abstract is based on the Chinese abstract, it should consider the needs of readers who can't read Chinese, and the substantive content can't be omitted.
Secondly, the classification of abstracts.
According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial-indicative abstracts.
(1) report summary: Also known as informative summary or informative summary, it is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.
(2) Indicative abstract: also often called explanatory abstract, descriptive abstract or argumentative abstract. Generally, only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, and arguments and conclusions are not involved. Mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.
(3) Report-indicative summary: the part of the document with high information value is expressed in the form of report summary, and the rest is expressed in the form of indicative summary.
Third, the writing of abstract.
At present, most papers published in China journals use reportable abstracts. That includes the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper. However, the abstract of graduation thesis is mostly an indicative abstract, which summarizes the theme and main content of the article. In the process of writing an indicative abstract, the author should first briefly introduce the writing background of the paper, then briefly introduce the main content of the article, mainly the outline of the article, and finally introduce the research significance of the article.
Four. Matters needing attention in writing abstract of paper
(1) What has become common knowledge in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
(2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
(3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
(4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
(5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
(6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
(7) Unless the literature confirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to cite them.
(8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters needing attention in writing scientific papers >>
Question 6: What does product summary mean? Introduce the product accurately with the shortest words.
Question 7: How to write the abstract? Familiar with abbreviated papers. It is a summary of the main contents of the paper, such as purpose and significance, process, results and conclusions. There are about 300 Chinese characters in Chinese and about 250 notional words in foreign languages. Generally speaking, you don't start writing until the full text of your graduation thesis is completed. The basic requirements are: the language expression is concise and general, and the content is not suitable for discussion; Simple statement, without comments and notes; Results and conclusions are important contents of the abstract; It should be written independently, and the choice of words should avoid being the same as the full text, especially the preface and conclusion; It is necessary to write short and concise, but also lively, in order to arouse readers' interest in full-text reading. 3 ~ 5 keywords
Question 8: How to write an abstract should be the outline of the content of the paper or the refinement of the author's point of view. You can let people know what your paper has written by reading your abstract. According to the requirements of current periodical standards, ............................................................................................................................................................. should not write the word' this article' from this article. . . Writing an abstract from this perspective can directly define the content or viewpoint.
Question 9: What is the function of abstraction? What is the function of abstract?
Abstract is a brief statement of the content of the article, without explanation or comment.
For international communication, there should also be foreign language abstracts (mostly in English). It is extracted after the completion of the full text of the article and has three characteristics: short, precise and complete. It should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the original text. It is a complete essay with data and conclusions, which can be used independently, quoted and used for process promotion. Its content should contain the same amount of main information as the report paper, so that readers can determine whether it is necessary to read the full text of the original paper, and it can also be provided for the second document of the abstract.