1 Title: Social Construction and Social Management from the Perspective of Sociology
Abstract: Social construction and social management are divided into broad sense and narrow sense, which cannot be completely separated. They are closely related. The structural premise of social construction and social management is the composition and relationship of the three major social departments (government organizations, profit-making organizations and social organizations); The conceptual premise is some deep ideas about social operation and development, such as people-oriented, win-win ideas, promoting social progress and reducing social costs, which are expounded by Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development and philosophy and social sciences including sociology. The concept of modern governance and good governance. Social construction and social management involve the adjustment of structure and function. Developing non-governmental organizations is the proper meaning of social construction and social management, and building a long-term mechanism to coordinate social interests is the top priority of social construction and social management, so we must vigorously promote the innovation of social construction and social management.
2 topic: the third sector and its social management function
In addition to the national domain (public domain) and the market domain (private domain), there is a non-governmental and non-profit "third domain". Due to government failure and market failure, the development and management of the "third field" needs a "third hand", that is, the third sector. This paper expounds the rationality and advantages of the existence of the "third sector", analyzes the reasons and functions of the emergence of the third sector in China, and introduces several typical organizational forms in detail.
Recommend a complete article.
Social Cost Control and Management Based on Scientific Outlook on Development
"Insist on people-oriented, establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of economy, society and people" is a brand-new Scientific Outlook on Development put forward from the overall situation of national development. Based on this Scientific Outlook on Development, this paper defines the meaning of social cost control and management, analyzes the realistic reasons of the current rising social cost, and puts forward the corresponding control and management countermeasures.
Keywords: Scientific Outlook on Development social cost social cost control and management
Insist on Scientific Outlook on Development to lead the overall economic and social development, deepen the understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development's basic connotation and spiritual essence, and promote the construction of a harmonious socialist society. "Adhere to people-oriented, establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of economy, society and people." This is a brand-new Scientific Outlook on Development under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, starting from the new stage of the new century and the overall development of the national cause. Emphasize that faster and better development is the starting point of Scientific Outlook on Development; People-oriented is an important regulation of Scientific Outlook on Development; Overall consideration is the fundamental requirement of Scientific Outlook on Development (Sun, 2005). Scientific Outlook on Development changed the traditional view that development is only the pursuit of economic growth. From Scientific Outlook on Development's point of view, simple economic growth is not equal to social development, which is multifaceted. This requires us to use Scientific Outlook on Development's theory and methods to guide the healthy development of all fields and links. This idea of Scientific Outlook on Development is also applicable to the control and management of social costs.
The meaning and essence of social cost control and management
Cost is a common economic category in economics. The definition of cost by American Accounting Association and Standards Committee is as follows: "Cost is the value sacrifice measured in money for some purpose." The core problem of economics is the effective allocation of resources, and the premise of this problem is such a basic economic fact: resources are scarce. This forms the basis of the concept of opportunity cost. No matter countries, manufacturers or individuals, the resources they have are limited. Any resource may have many different uses. Usually, when using resources, we always try to choose the one that can bring the greatest benefit from different uses. On the other hand, when we choose to use a certain resource, we give up the "opportunities" to use the resource for various purposes, and giving up these opportunities means giving up the benefits that may be obtained in these uses. In this sense, the abandoned income has also become a "cost". Strictly speaking, opportunity cost refers to the highest income that can be brought by using resources for a specific purpose and giving up other purposes. Usually it is not the actual cost, but the conceptual cost when choosing to use resources. The concept of opportunity cost is very important for economic analysis. It is to estimate the cost of resources from the perspective of economics. Although the accurate calculation of opportunity cost is often subjective and arbitrary, its estimation has a decisive influence on the direction of resource use.
The above consideration is the opportunity cost of each single resource, and the operation of a country needs to use multiple resources. Then, from the perspective of economic analysis, the total cost of national operation should take into account the opportunity cost of all resources used, which is the total opportunity cost of national operation. We call the total cost calculated in this way the economic cost of national operation, that is, the economic cost is equal to the sum of the opportunity costs of all national input factors. Therefore, cost control and management must seek value fairness among stakeholders on the basis of efficiency. From the public's point of view, the government must comprehensively measure the costs and benefits of products or services of various economic organizations in the life cycle, and take social cost minimization as the basis for cost decision-making, rather than minimizing manufacturing costs or customer costs. This is the so-called social cost control. The shadow price method and opportunity cost method are used to comprehensively consider the impact of economic organization behavior on the environment of all parties concerned and implement macro cost control. At this time, the cost control management strategy has evolved into an open system composed of all economic organizations, integrating the whole country with the environment.
Reasons for the increase of social cost
Social cost is the sum of all costs incurred by a country's government, economic organizations and individuals. At present, the increase of social cost in China is caused by the following reasons:
The social cost of the government is too high. One is that government agencies and officials have a preference to maximize the budget scale. There are two reasons: the larger the government organization, the larger the budget it can get (Fu Guangming, 2002); There is a positive correlation between government expenditure and official power. Secondly, the efficiency of government management is low. The third is the social loss caused by the government's decision-making mistakes. The fourth is the "dishonesty" of government officials, that is, the losses caused by corruption. The fifth is the loss caused by the inefficiency of the government.
The cost of human resources has increased too fast. Its growth trend mainly comes from the fierce competition of human resources; The comparative difference of wages and the self-awareness of labor value are also the main factors that induce the excessive growth of labor costs; Some macroeconomic policies in China have also led to a reduction in labor hours, which has led to an increase in human resource costs when labor efficiency has not changed much; The cost of education has increased too fast, the training cost of qualified labor has risen sharply, and the labor cost will generally increase in the future.
Resource prices continue to rise. This refers to natural resources and ecological environment. Natural resources are the basic resources for the survival and development of human society. The natural resources of a country determine the level of social labor productivity and have a decisive influence on the industrial structure and productivity layout. In 2000, China's oil and refined oil prices were in line with international standards, and its own energy structure was unreasonable, which led to the soaring price of natural resources. The increasingly serious environmental pollution and the destruction of ecological balance have more and more obvious constraints on economic development, and the cost of environmental governance is getting higher and higher.
Rising financing cost and technological innovation. Theoretically speaking, there are many financing channels for enterprises in China, but most of them are not smooth. For example, the interest rate of commercial banks has dropped to the lowest level in history; The stock financing market is not standardized. Scientific and technological innovation is an important condition for a country to develop and maintain its competitiveness, but at present, China generally does not have the ability and conditions for scientific and technological innovation, mainly due to the lack of huge capital investment and risk sharing model.
Specific countermeasures of social cost control and management
Facing the unfavorable situation of increasing social cost, we should take practical measures to control and manage it. The specific countermeasures are as follows:
Countermeasures to control and manage government social cost. The general idea is: let the broadest public actively participate in the reform practice and the formulation and selection process of reform policies, which is the basic guarantee for the fairness of economic reform; Continuing to deepen the reform of political system to adapt to the great changes in economic system is the basic guarantee for the redistribution of interests to meet social preferences in the process of reform; Improve the working system and procedures of the government, such as the vertical and horizontal scope of the government and the management rules based on this structure; Establish a sound social welfare security system to compensate those who are damaged by the reform; Handle the relationship between social equity and social efficiency.
The concrete measures are as follows: efforts should be made to raise the awareness of cost control of government decision makers and all members at all levels; Promote regional development with market mechanism; Accelerate the reform of organizational system; Vigorously promote the reform of personnel system, develop human resources, and strengthen the management and assessment of cadres' effectiveness; Accelerate the reform of the financial system; Innovating the way of providing public goods; Innovative government services; Speed up the reform of post consumption system; Vigorously promote e-commerce; The government should pay attention to the production and storage of basic means of production and means of subsistence to maintain price stability; Further intensify efforts to rectify and standardize the market order and promote the scale operation of enterprises.
Countermeasures for controlling and managing enterprise cost. Enterprises themselves should strengthen management, improve management efficiency, improve the utilization efficiency of enterprise resources, reduce idle and ineffective consumption, reduce costs, and at the same time strengthen the evaluation of various innovation risks to avoid risk losses. Specific measures include: enterprises should establish the concept of cost control, set up a strategic cost Committee, and apply cost control to value chain management; Enterprises should implement differentiation strategy and master the cost of knowledge capital, which requires strong R&D ability, as well as incentive mechanism and management mechanism to ensure the innovation of knowledge workers. In the cost control method, it is necessary to implement activity-based costing to control the cost comprehensively; The value of the company's products is a dynamic process of continuous accumulation, including procurement, manufacturing, sales and other service processes. In this process, it is necessary to reduce non-value-added operational processes and optimize the ratio of enterprise value to cost.
There is also an article on the topic selection of social work and management papers in Baidu Library. You can have a look.