Graduation thesis has certain requirements in content and form, which is also one of the basic basis for assessing the achievements of the thesis. The specific requirements of graduation thesis writing will be discussed in detail in the relevant chapters in the future. Here, let's talk about some principles of graduation thesis writing.

First, adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice.

Writing graduation thesis must adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice. Theoretical research, especially social science research, must serve reality, socialist modernization and the construction of two civilizations. Theory comes from practice and reacts to practice. Scientific theory plays a guiding role in practice and can be transformed into great material strength through people's practical activities. The task of scientific research is to reveal the regularity of the movement of things, and use this regularity to guide people's practice and promote social progress and development. Therefore, the graduation thesis must pay attention to the reality of socialist modernization and pay close attention to the new situation and new problems in social life.

To adhere to the reality of theoretical research and integrate theory with practice, we must spread our feet, go deep into reality and conduct social investigation and research. This is also the basic way for us to correctly understand society. Only when people go deep into reality, widely contact with objective things, get a lot of perceptual materials, and then use scientific logical thinking methods to get rid of the rough and extract the essence from these materials, and then, from the outside to the inside, can we find a new topic that is practical and suitable for our own research. In the practice of China's reform and opening up, new situations, new problems and new experiences emerge one after another, and problems that need to be studied are all over the society. As long as you have a strong interest in practical problems and a high degree of sensitivity, and are good at capturing vivid and typical realistic materials, through in-depth thinking and research, you can get a regular understanding that is conducive to socialist modernization and improve the value of your graduation thesis. Of course, writing a graduation thesis has a wide range of topics, not limited to real-life problems, but also can study professional basic theories and comparative studies between China and the West. However, no matter what research topic you choose, you should implement the principle of integrating theory with practice, make the past serve the present and make foreign things serve China, learn from historical research that is beneficial to the development of real society, learn from foreign research, learn from their successful experiences and failed lessons, or provide some basis for China's foreign policy.

To implement the principle and method of integrating theory with practice, we must study hard and master theoretical weapons. Comrade Li Ruihuan pointed out: "Emphasizing integration with practice does not mean denying the importance of reading. On the contrary, read carefully, read repeatedly, study hard, and truly understand and comprehend. Otherwise, if you don't master theory, how can you talk about integrating theory with practice? " (Qiushi Magazine No.24 1989) Serious reading includes two aspects: First, learn professional courses well and have basic professional knowledge. This is the prerequisite and necessary condition for writing a graduation thesis. Experience tells us that only with the corresponding level of knowledge accumulation can we understand a certain depth of academic problems; At the same time, only with a specific knowledge structure can we study the problems of a certain subject. As Hegel said, before discussing academic issues, we must "have some knowledge", otherwise, "without the basis of discussion, they can only wander in vague and meaningless situations". (Preface to the Third Edition of Little Logic) Second, we should seriously study the basic principles of Marxism and learn to use Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to analyze and solve problems. Marxism correctly reveals the most general laws of the development of nature, human society and thinking, and has become a powerful ideological weapon for the proletariat and revolutionary people to understand and transform the world. As a great cognitive tool, Marxism does not directly provide answers to various specific problems, but it provides us with correct positions, viewpoints and methods on how to correctly discover, analyze and solve problems. Therefore, when writing graduation thesis, college graduates should learn and master the basic theory of Marxism, and consciously use Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to guide the writing of graduation thesis.

Second, the argument should be scientific and the viewpoint should be innovative.

(A) the argument should be scientific

The scientific nature of graduation thesis means that the basic viewpoints and contents of the article can reflect the objective law of the development of things. The basic idea of the article must come from the analysis and research of specific materials, not from subjective imagination. The function of scientific research lies in revealing laws, exploring truth and opening up ways for people to understand and transform the world. To judge whether a paper is valuable, the first thing is to look at the scientific nature of the viewpoint and content of the article.

The scientific nature of the article first comes from the careful investigation and study of objective things. Master a lot of rich and practical materials, making it "the foundation of seeking things and the way to accomplish things."

Secondly, the scientific nature of the article usually depends on whether the author can adhere to the scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts when observing and analyzing problems. In scientific research, neither personal prejudice nor conformity is allowed, let alone imagination. But from the analysis, and strive to truly reflect the true colors of things.

Thirdly, whether the article is scientific or not depends on the author's theoretical basis and professional knowledge. Writing a graduation thesis is based on the achievements of predecessors, using the scientific theories put forward by predecessors to explore new problems. Therefore, we must accurately understand and master the predecessors' theories and have a broad and solid knowledge base. If you don't know anything about the scientific achievements in the fields involved in the graduation thesis, it is impossible to write a valuable thesis.

(b) Ideas should be innovative.

The innovation of graduation thesis lies in its value. The innovation of the article, in general, requires that we should not simply repeat the views of our predecessors, but must have our own independent opinions. The reason why academic papers should be innovative is determined by the purpose of scientific research. Fundamentally speaking, people carry out scientific research in order to understand those areas that have not been recognized by people, and the writing of academic papers is the written expression of research results. Therefore, the research and writing process itself is a creative activity. In this sense, if an academic paper is not creative, it is not scientific research, so it cannot be called an academic paper. Although graduation thesis focuses on the basic training of students' scientific research ability, creativity is still a basic requirement it emphasizes.

Of course, we should correctly understand the specific requirements of academic papers, especially graduation papers. It can be manifested as achievements in new fields that have not been explored by predecessors and new topics that have not been done by predecessors; It can be manifested as further research on the basis of predecessors' achievements, new discoveries or new opinions, and the formation of a family statement. It can also be manifested in re-summarizing and expressing existing materials or opinions from a new perspective. The article can scientifically explain new problems in real life and propose solutions, which is naturally creative; Even if we just put forward some new phenomena and problems that can arouse people's attention and thinking, it is still a kind of creativity. In the "Regulations on Invention Awards" issued by the Achievement Bureau of the State Science and Technology Commission 1983 in March, it was pointed out: "In scientific and technological achievements, only innovation in the objective world is invention, and ... as for scientific achievements in understanding the objective world, that is discovery." The regulations clearly stipulate "new": "new" refers to what no predecessors have. What is known and what is published is not "new". These regulations can be used as an important basis for us to measure the creativity of graduation thesis.

According to the principles stipulated in the "Regulations" and combined with writing practice, the following specific aspects can be considered to measure the creativity of graduation thesis:

(1) has certain theoretical or practical significance in the discipline field of this major, and through independent research, I put forward my own understanding and views.

(2) Although it is a problem that others have studied, the author adopts a new argument angle or a new experimental method, and the conclusions put forward can inspire people to some extent.

(3) Be able to clarify the confused views on a certain issue with your own powerful and thorough analysis. Although there is no updated viewpoint, it can provide some necessary conditions and methods for others to re-study this issue.

(4) Put forward and solve the problems in actual production and life to a certain extent with newer theories and methods, and achieve certain results. Or provide new ideas and data for solving practical problems.

(5) Put forward and solve the problems in this discipline to some extent with the theories of related disciplines.

(6) Use newly discovered materials (data, facts, historical facts, observations, etc.). ) to prove the proved point of view.

Creativity in scientific research requires us not to blindly follow predecessors' conclusions, but to be good at independent thinking, dare to put forward our own independent opinions and dare to deny those outdated conclusions. This requires not only a diligent learning attitude, but also a spirit of pursuing truth and being brave in innovation. To correctly handle the relationship between inheritance and innovation, any innovation does not come out of thin air and is always based on the achievements of predecessors. Therefore, we should seriously study, study and absorb the achievements of our predecessors. But this kind of knowledge is not eaten alive without analysis, but is to be inherited, criticized and developed.

Third, the arguments should be informative and rigorous.

(a) Arguments should be informative.

It is not enough for an excellent graduation thesis to have a good theme and viewpoint, it must also be supported by sufficient and informative argumentation materials. Graduation thesis is different from general argumentative thesis, which is the remarkable feature of graduation thesis. In a general argumentative essay, the author only needs to analyze one or two arguments to prove a point, while the graduation thesis must take a lot of argumentation materials as the basis and pillar of his own point of view. Every time the author establishes an opinion, he should consider: what materials are used as the main evidence and what materials are used as circumstantial evidence; Whether you will have different opinions or negative opinions on your own views, and how to explain or refute the objections held by others. The opinions and opinions that the author is required to put forward in the graduation thesis are really his own, and in order to make his own opinions recognized by others, there must be a lot of sufficient and convincing reasons to prove his correctness.

The argument of graduation thesis should be sufficient and applied appropriately. It is impossible and unnecessary to quote all the research results, facts, incisive expositions, all the actual data, observation results and investigation results in a paper, but take what is necessary and discard what is dispensable. Arguments serve arguments, and simple material accumulation can not only prove arguments, but also powerfully explain arguments, on the contrary, it gives people a feeling that the article is dragging its feet, chaotic and meaningless. Therefore, it is very important to choose the necessary arguments in the collected materials. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the novelty, typicality and representativeness of the argument, and more importantly, we should consider whether it can effectively explain the point of view.

The materials and data cited in the graduation thesis must be correct and reliable, which can withstand scrutiny and verification, that is, the correctness of the argument. The specific requirement is that the cited materials must be confirmed repeatedly. First-hand materials should be fair, verified repeatedly, personal likes and dislikes and assumptions should be removed, and their objective truth should be retained. Second-hand data should be traced back to the source, find the exact source, and deeply understand its meaning, and cannot be taken out of context. Quoting other people's materials serves your own argument, not as an ornament to the chapter. When quoting other people's information, you need to make some efforts to screen and identify it, so as to be accurate. When writing your graduation thesis, you should quote your own practical data and survey results as evidence. If the content of the article is the result of the author's own personal practice, then the value of the article will increase many times. Of course, for college students with limited knowledge and few practical opportunities, it is inevitable to repeat the work of others in the first scientific research and quote more practical achievements and data of others in their graduation thesis. But if the content of the whole article is a combination of indirect things, and you get very little, it will completely lose the meaning of writing a graduation thesis.

(B) the argument should be rigorous

Argumentation is the method and process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument should be rigorous and logical, so as to make the article convincing. The author should proceed from the overall situation of the article, put forward, analyze and solve problems according to the laws of objective things and the procedures of people's understanding of objective things, so that people's logical procedures and cognitive procedures can be unified and the whole article can form a logical whole. Locally speaking, the analysis of a problem and the explanation of a phenomenon should reflect a relatively complete process of concept, judgment and reasoning.

Graduation thesis is an article style based on logical thinking, which demands to understand a large number of scientific styles, reflect the essence or law of things through concepts, judgments and reasoning, and infer the unknown from the known. All kinds of graduation thesis adopt this thinking form. Social science papers often use known facts and take the form of inductive reasoning to gain an understanding of the unknown. In order to make the argument rigorous and logical, we must: (1) judge the concept accurately, which is the premise of logical reasoning; (2) Explain the process of understanding objective things in a hierarchical and orderly manner; (3) The leap process from "reality" to "emptiness" and from "thing" to "reason" should be embodied by combining the theory with the reality, that is, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.

In addition, writing graduation thesis should also pay attention to the clarity and standardization of style. Academic papers, investigation reports, popular science books, feasibility reports, publicity outlines, etc. Everyone has their own characteristics, and they should not be confused with each other in writing methods.

The writing requirements and methods of each part of academic papers

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nobody

Release date:

2002-5-2 1

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The writing requirements and methods of each part of academic papers

(1) Title and title)

Titles are also called titles or titles. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words.

The title of a paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper. At the same time, it is necessary to compile secondary documents such as titles and indexes, taking into account the specific practical information that can help select keywords and provide retrieval.

The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: "The title of the paper is half of the article".

The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; Proper extension and connotation; Eye-catching The requirements of these four aspects are as follows.

1. Accurate and decent

The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research.

Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. For example, "the study of metal fatigue strength" is too general, so if it is changed to the specific object of study, it must be mentioned. The effect will be much better. For example, the topic "Study on Fatigue Strength of Nickel-containing Famous Brand Alloy Materials" is much more appropriate. Another example: "Study on the influence of Al and Ti content in 35Ni- 15Cr superalloy on long-term properties and microstructure stability at high temperature" is too long and inaccurate. What is the meaning of 35Ni- 15Cr in the title? It's puzzling. Is it a percentage? Is it a weight ratio? Volume ratio? Metal grade? Or something else, I don't know, it's called ambiguity. The solution is to clearly show the content of the paper from the reader's point of view. If the above title refers to the percentage content, it can be explained in the text, not in the title, and the title only needs to reflect the fact that it contains Ni and Cr. The reference modification scheme is: "Effect of Al and Ti contents in Ni and Cr alloys on high temperature properties and microstructure stability".

The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.

Concise and clear

Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words are qualified, there is no uniform "hard" rule. It is generally hoped that the title of the paper will not exceed 20 words. However, the pursuit of fewer words should not affect the proper reflection of the topic in content. When there is a spear between the two, it is better to use more words and express them as clearly as possible.

A common title is "Study on rapid analysis method of chemical composition of molten steel". In such topics, words such as "about" and "research" will not affect the expression if they are omitted. The drama is a paper, and what aspects of research and investigation are included by the general contractor, so the above topic can be refined as: "Rapid analysis of chemical composition of molten steel". In this way, the number of words is reduced from 2 1 to 12, which is clear and concise to read.

If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles can be enriched and accurate, rather than generalized. Like what? Quot Dynamic Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups-(Subtitle) Computer Simulation of Sliding Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups ".

3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.

"Extension" and "connotation" belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object.

If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate. For example, there is a logical error in the title "Rational design of rural whole, livestock and machine power combination". The extension of "people" in the title may be young adults, infants, young children or the elderly, because the latter is also? Quot "people", but people are not people who have the ability to work, and obviously do not belong to this proposition, so it is inappropriate to use "people" in its extension. Similarly, "livestock" can refer to cattle, sheep and pigs. Where have you seen sheep and pigs plowing and grinding flour? So it is also a mistake of improper extension. Among them, because of the use of "labor force" and "animal power", it will not be misunderstood as a person without working ability and working ability.

stand out

Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same.

Some people made a statistical analysis on the titles of some papers published in 36 public medical journals 1987, and screened out 100 wrong titles. Of the 100 titles with errors, 20% were "improperly omitted" (for example, the title "Determinants of abnormal blood pressure response of patients with coronary heart disease after exercise" was omitted as "coronary heart disease"; The title "Progress of world liver diseases in the past year" omits "treatment of liver diseases" as "liver diseases"); 65,438+02% of the errors are attributed to "improper use of prepositions" (for example, the title "Evaluation of Endoscopic Fluorescence Detection in the Diagnosis of Digestive Tract Cancer" was originally intended for the author to diagnose and evaluate digestive tract cancer in this way, but in fact "Endoscopic Fluorescence Detection" has become the subject, which is of course inappropriate). The mistakes in using prepositions mainly include: ① omitting the subject-after the first person substitution fails to express its meaning, the preposition structure is not used, which makes the auxiliary components mistake for the subject; ② Do not use prepositions when necessary; (3) Use when prepositional structure is not needed. 65,438+065,438+0% of the cases are "the principal's mistakes" (such as the mistakes about coronary heart disease in the clinical and experimental research of COVID-19 Tablet); 9% of them are "improper juxtaposition" (such as "cystoscopy and complications in elderly patients"); 9% of the mistakes are "improper use of words" and "confused sentences", and other types of mistakes, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetition and ambiguity, also occur from time to time.

(2) the author's name and department.

This item belongs to the problem of paper signature. The first is to show the responsibility of writing, the second is to record the results of labor, and the third is to facilitate readers to contact the author and literature retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit.

(3) Abstract

Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.

It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.

Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.

Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation.

[example]

Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.

Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.

The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.

[example]

Thesis title: thermal simulation model and algorithm of integrated circuit

As we all know, various characteristic parameters of semiconductor devices are temperature-sensitive functions [such as LS (t), B (t), C 1 (t), CP (t)...]. Integrated circuits have integrated a large number of components on the wafer. When the circuit works, the power consumption of components will generate heat, which will spread around along the wafer. However, due to the thermal resistance of the semiconductor chip and the substrate material, the temperature of each point on the chip cannot be the same. Especially for power integrated circuits, there will be high temperature in the area of high power devices, so there is uneven temperature distribution on the chip.

However, in order to simplify the calculation, this temperature difference is often ignored when analyzing the performance of integrated circuits, and all components are assumed to be at the same temperature. For example, the general circuit simulation program-spice is handled in this way. Obviously, this assumption brings calculation errors to integrated circuits. The error of power integrated circuit will be greater. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is how to calculate the temperature distribution on the integrated circuit chip, how to calculate the circuit characteristics at different component temperatures, and how to consider the thermal and electrical interaction on the chip.

This paper introduces the thermal simulation model of integrated circuit, simulates the thermal circuit problem as a circuit problem, and then uses the circuit simulation program to solve the chip temperature distribution. In this way, a mature circuit analysis program can be used to greatly improve the speed and accuracy of calculation. Based on this model and algorithm, the author compiled a FORTRAN program YM- LIN -3, which can determine the chip temperature distribution and calculate the circuit characteristics of components at different temperatures. The program has been passed on IBM-PC microcomputer and satisfactory results have been obtained.

The abstract of the above paper is nearly 600 words, which is obviously too long. As long as it is carefully revised (for example, the first paragraph can be deleted, the second paragraph only keeps the last few sentences and the third paragraph is added), the abstract of the paper can be written in 200 to 300 words.

Keywords (keywords)

Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words.

Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval).

Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things through the characteristic relationship of concepts, express them in natural language, and have collocation function to accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.

For example, one of the keywords "plasma application". It has the characteristics of concept, which shows that it is nothing more than "plasma application" and uses natural language vocabulary.

Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Like, keys? Quot atomic energy "(the key word of its specification may be" nuclear energy "). Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords.

[example]

Thesis title: A new synthesis method of antenna array pattern.

Keywords: antenna array; Directional map; Comprehensive; Mutual coupling; Dipole; English translation of input impedance (***6);

A new synthesis method of array pattern