Besides, about ten sons.
During the Republic of China, Shanghai Book Integration Bureau proofread and printed & gt Sixteen volumes, all of which were white paper and thread-bound, with black ink proofreading and calligraphy marking, with the appearance as shown in the figure. Sixteen books are Laozi 1, Zhuangzi 2, Guanzi 3, Xunzi 2, Liezi 1, Hanfeizi 2, Huainanzi 3, Wen Zi 1 and The Eye of the Yangtze River.
According to the analysis of this book, it should refer to Lao Zi, Zhuangzi, Guan Zi, Xunzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Huai Nanzi, Wen Zhongzi, Yang Zi and Gou Jianzi.
A survey of pre-Qin literature
(1) Pre-Qin refers to the history before Pre-Qin (22 BC1year), including primitive society, slave society and early feudal society in China. Pre-Qin literature should discuss the origin of China literature, oral literature, early written literature and mature written literature. The origin of literature and oral literature must be traced back to prehistory, that is, the stage of human history before written history. The main body of pre-Qin literature is the mature written literature in Zhou Dynasty, especially in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In this era, from the unification of the world, to the separation of princes, and then to the unification of centralization, the ideological and artistic features of literary works all reflect the basic characteristics of China's era of seeking unity through division.
(2) "Pre-Qin" refers to the historical period before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries in 22 1 BC. Pre-Qin literature is the earliest stage of the development of ancient literature in China, including literature in various historical periods of the pre-Qin period. During this period, many excellent works were produced, including ancient myths and ancient ballads, The Book of Songs, which marked the glorious starting point of China literature, historical essays, novels and dramas as the source of later historical biographies, hundred schools of thought essays reflecting the contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period, fables in the pre-Qin period, and the romantic masterpiece Chu Ci, the originator of China's fable literature, and so on. Rich and colorful, mottled and brilliant, it has laid a solid foundation for China's literary development for 2,000 years.
[Edit this paragraph] Pre-Qin literature content
Ancient ballads and myths, book of songs, pre-Qin prose, Chu ci.
1) Ancient ballads and myths and legends are recorded in ancient books. It is said that it is a "wax word" that appeared in the Shennong era: "Earth, against its home! Water belongs to its valley! Insect, don't do it Vegetation, return to its jersey! " This is a farming sacrifice song. In addition, there is another sentence in Volume 9 of Wu Yue Chun Qiu: "Break bamboo, continue bamboo, fly soil, and kill them one by one." This poem reflects the process of primitive people making slingshots and hunting. The language is simple but rhythmic. Obviously, this is a very old ballad.
Myth is a collective oral creation in which ancient people artistically explain and describe the natural and social phenomena they come into contact with. Most of China's myths are preserved in ancient books such as Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Huainanzi, etc. Among all the ancient documents, Shan Hai Jing has the most theological value, and it is the book with the most preserved mythological materials in ancient China. These myths can be roughly divided into creation myths, flood myths, war myths, hero myths and so on. Among them, the famous ones are Pangu Tiankai, Goddess of mending Heaven, Huangdi's capture of Chiyou, Dayu's flood control, Houyi's shooting at the sun, Kuafu's chasing after the sun, Jingwei's reclamation and so on.
2) After the writing came into being, China literature broke away from the legendary period. The inscriptions on Oracle Bone Inscriptions and some bronzes are the oldest known characters. The appearance of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen provided conditions for the development of oral literature to written literature, and marked the germination of written literature in China.
Pre-Qin prose is divided into two parts: historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Historical prose is gradually produced and matured on the basis of the cultural tradition of historians. The development of historical prose can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is represented by Shangshu and Chunqiu. Shangshu is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China, which is of fundamental significance in the history of ancient Chinese prose. The Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius is the first chronological history book in China, and it is the originator of chronological history books. Its style and "brushwork" had a classic influence on later prose.
The second stage is represented by Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. Zuo Zhuan is the first chronicle work with detailed records in China, and it is also the most outstanding ideological and artistic work in pre-Qin historical prose. Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China, which is a collection of historical materials from various countries.
The third stage is represented by the Warring States policy. The Warring States Policy is also a national history book, which mainly describes the words and deeds of counselors and strategists during the Warring States period.
Hundred schools of thought's essays were formed and flourished in the academic atmosphere of the awakening of rational spirit and the contention of a hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period. The development of hundred schools of thought's prose has roughly experienced three stages:
At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Laozi are the representatives. The Analects of Confucius recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations, which reflected the thoughts and activities of early Confucianism. Mozi is a compilation of works of Mozi and his later studies, which reflects the thought of small producers represented by Mohism. Its artistic characteristics are obvious literariness and logic. Laozi is basically the work of Laozi, the founder of Taoism. It combines profound philosophical thoughts and exquisite poetic language, showing a unique artistic style.
Mid-Warring States Period: represented by Mencius and Zhuangzi. "Mencius" The works of Mencius and his disciples reflect the face of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period. The prose of Mencius embodies the transition from bibliography to monograph, and its outstanding literary achievement lies in its superb art of argument. Zhuangzi is a work of Zhuang Zhou and his later studies, and it is also another classic of Taoism. His articles are famous among the pre-Qin philosophers for their unique artistic attainments. His brilliant thoughts, Wang Yang's wanton language and romantic style all reflect his unique position and brilliant literary achievements in various schools of thought.
The end of the Warring States Period: represented by Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lu Chunqiu. Xunzi is mostly written by Xunzi, and its ideological system is broad and profound, which is the further development of Confucianism. Most of his articles are well-structured and thoroughly discussed monographs, which indicates that the pre-Qin reasoning prose has entered a fully mature stage. Everything is done wrong is a masterpiece of legalist thought. The article is sharp and simple, which embodies the basic characteristics of legalist articles. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is a collective creation, a large-scale summary of pre-Qin academic thoughts, and has a strong literariness.
3) The Songs of the South, which appeared in the Warring States Period, has special significance in the history of China literature. "Songs of the Chu Dynasty" refers to the poems and fu created with the local characteristics of Chu State, such as music, language and famous things. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled a book "Songs of the South". Together with The Book of Songs, it constitutes the source of China's poetry history. The unique aesthetic characteristics of Chu culture, coupled with Qu Yuan's unusual political experience and unique personality quality, created the brilliance of Chu Ci literature and made Qu Yuan the first great poet in the history of China literature.
Section 1 pre-Qin society and culture
The Chinese nation has a long history and culture. From the Lamarcinopithecus fossil in Yunnan 8 million years ago, to the tooth fossil in Hubei 3 million years ago, to the Yuanmou fossil in Yunnan 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, all these are the remains of the evolution of apes to humans on the land of China. From then until the establishment of Xia Dynasty, China experienced about 1 10,000 years from Paleolithic to Neolithic.
The Paleolithic period was marked by beating stone tools. Humans hunt and fish for a living, and most human sites have traces of fire. In this long and long historical era, China's distant ancestors completed the upright walking and the transition to Homo sapiens, and gradually formed numerous primitive communities. About 280,000 to 50,000 years ago, the early sites of Homo sapiens were Yingkou, Liaoning, Dali, Qujiang, Yanggao, Hubei, Changyang and Xiangfen, and the later sites of Homo sapiens were Wu Shen, Inner Mongolia, Zhoukoudian, Guangxi, Liujiang, Tainan, Yushu, Jiangsu, Sihong and Ziyang, Sichuan. There are many ancient myths and legends in ancient books, including various versions of "Huang San", all of which are gods in creation myths and symbols of prehistoric human life style. Did everything wrong? In "Wuzhu", there is the so-called You Chaojia who "builds a wood as a nest to avoid group harm", and the Suiren who "drills a fire and makes a stink", which is easy to pass on? Under the copula, there are Fu who tied the rope to make a mess and shared fishing, and Shennong who wiped the firewood for the thunder. Most of them are the shadows of primitive community life in Paleolithic Age.
The Neolithic Age began about 654.38 million years ago, marked by the appearance of grinding stone tools, pottery and agriculture. Economic life is dominated by agriculture, supplemented by fishing and hunting, and raising livestock has gradually developed into animal husbandry. From the late Paleolithic period to the Neolithic period, the matriarchal clan society flourished, creating the "Yangshao culture" represented by painted pottery in the Yellow River Basin. In the late Neolithic period, matriarchal system changed to patriarchy, and patriarchal society created the "Longshan culture" represented by black pottery in the Yellow River Basin. There are many Neolithic cultural sites in China, and Majiabang culture, Liangzhu culture and Hemudu culture in Zhejiang are in the Yangtze River valley, which are complementary to the northern culture. The Book of Songs? Daya？ Legend has it that the ancestor of Zhou people was Jiang Yuan, who trampled on the footsteps of immortals, gave birth to immortals, and then abandoned their crops, which actually reflected the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy and the rise of agriculture. The times of Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun recorded in historical books reflect the general situation of patriarchal society, and the legend of "Yao and Shun abdicated" reflects the election of tribal alliance leaders. In fact, many tribes coexist with the "Five Emperors". Huangdi replaced Shennong, defeated Chiyou, and the relationship between Yao Shunyu and * * * workers, Xiang Dou and Sanmiao revealed the frequent wars between tribes.
The Xia Dynasty was the first hereditary dynasty in the history of China from the 2nd1century BC to the 6th century BC. The characters of the Xia Dynasty have not been found so far, and the unearthed cultural relics have little evidence for the Xia Dynasty. Historical legends about the Xia Dynasty can be found in later generations. The Five Emperors' era and Xia Dynasty were the transition from prehistoric times to historical records, which recorded a history of 3,000 years, starting with Biography of Five Emperors and Xia Benji. Yu Xia took over his father's position during the reign of Shundi. He made great contributions to the governance of the world's floods and was chosen as the successor by Shundi. Yu Jishun acceded to the throne and was named Xia. After Yu's death, his son Qi broke Yao and Shun's abdication system, created the hereditary system, and China entered the slave society. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, King Jie failed to serve, hurting the people by force, and the people were unbearable. The Shang tribe became stronger and stronger, and became the soup against the summer. From Yu to Jie in Xia Dynasty, * * * experienced 17 kings for about 470 years. Erlitou Cultural Site in Yanshi, Henan Province belongs to the central area ruled by Xia Dynasty, and its early culture belongs to Xia culture. The seven-hole jade knife unearthed from Erlitou site is a masterpiece with exquisite patterns. The bronze wine vessel is light and simple in decoration, and the gluttonous bronze plate inlaid with turquoise is beautifully made and unique, which means that Xia civilization has entered the bronze age.
The Shang Dynasty from16th century BC to 1 1 th century BC was an important stage of slave society in China. Shang was originally a tribe with a long history living in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It developed to the middle reaches of the Yellow River at the end of Xia Dynasty. After conquering many tribes, the Xia Dynasty was destroyed and the Shang Dynasty was established. From the establishment of Tang Cheng to the demise of Zhou Wang, * * * experienced 17 generations of 30 kings with a history of about 600 years. Businessmen "don't often go to unique skills." From Tang Cheng to Pan Geng, they moved the capital five times. Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin, which is now Xiaotun Village in Anyang, Henan Province, so Shang Dynasty was also called Yin or Yin Shang. Agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts were quite developed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. A large number of bronzes were produced and used, creating brilliant bronze technology and bronze culture. The host said, "Only the ancestors of Yin had books and records". Books and records were used for education, and there was an educational mechanism to teach sacrifices, rituals, military affairs and ethics to aristocratic children. Yin people especially revere ghosts and gods, attach importance to divination, and write the results of divination on tortoise shells or animal bones. This is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed from Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China are the earliest characters that can be seen in China at present, which provide valuable information for the study of Yin Shang culture. The appearance of characters provides the most basic conditions for the emergence of written literature, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the seed of China's written literature.
The Western Zhou Dynasty from 1 1 to 77 1 BC was characterized by the consolidation of the feudal patriarchal clan system, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty from 770 to 22 1 BC was characterized by the gradual destruction of the feudal patriarchal clan system. The capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty is Haojiang, near Xi, Shaanxi. The capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved to Luoyi, and now it is located in Luoyang, Henan Province, which is relatively located in the west. There are more documents preserved and cultural relics unearthed underground in the Zhou Dynasty than in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and the social situation is clearer. In 84 1 year BC, west Zhou Liwang was tyrannical and heartless, and was exiled in Ques, which was known as "* * * and administration" in history, which was the exact beginning of China's history. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of enfeoffment was implemented, with the emperor as the big suzerain and the vassal as the small suzerain. In vassal States, the system of direct eldest son inheritance is implemented, and the vassals of vassal States are all doctors. The size of the patriarch differentiated layer by layer, forming a tree structure. The vassal's territory is called "country" and the doctor's territory is called "home" The cultivated land in the world is well-field system, and it is not allowed to reclaim wasteland at will to increase cultivated land. The Western Zhou Dynasty maintained the ruling order with the system of rites and music, and strictly regulated the relationship among monarch, minister, father and son, brother, husband and wife and friends. "Rites" are used to distinguish grades, while "music" is used to adjust harmonious emotions. This is the Book of Rites? As "Yue Ji" said, "The musicians are the same, but the master is different". From Zhou Wuwang to Zhou Youwang, the Western Zhou Dynasty experienced 12 kings (Li Xinyu * * and 14 years of administration) with a history of nearly 300 years.
After Zhou Ping and Wang Dong moved to Luoyi, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two periods by historians: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron was widely used in agricultural production, and a large number of private fields outside Niu Geng and Jingtian system appeared, which promoted the development of productive forces and the transformation of production relations. The royal family in the Zhou Dynasty declined day by day, with overlapping governors and merging governors, frequent wars and social unrest. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Chu in the south took the lead in becoming king, and later wuyue also became king. In the 13th year of King Ding Zhou (594 BC), the state of Lu implemented the "initial tax mu" based on the amount of cultivated land, which replaced the well field system of forced labor, marking the official recognition of private land and an important symbol of the transformation from slavery to feudalism. Confucius started private schools, and the children of ordinary people got the right to education and the opportunity to participate in politics, which strongly impacted the hereditary system. The old system was gradually destroyed and the new system came into being. During the Warring States Period, the Zhou royal family existed in name only, and was finally destroyed in the 59th year (the first 256 years) of Zhao Xiang, King of Qin. The vassal States successively carried out political reforms or coups, such as the three divisions of Lu, the reform of Wuqi, the reform of Shang Yang, the change of Qi from Jiang to Tian, and the division of Jin among the three countries. According to the "Warring States Policy", the great powers at that time claimed the title of king one after another, including "the country of ten thousand riders is seven, and the country of ten thousand riders is five". After more than 250 years of war, the Qin dynasty unified the world in 22 1 BC and implemented a centralized county system, ending the 500-year division in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The founding prosperity of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties is often praised by later generations, which inevitably contains many ideal elements, but the governance of the three generations has its own characteristics, which embodies the law of civilization evolution. Historical records? "Notes on the Biography of Emperor Gaozu" said: "Xia's political loyalty, villains wild, so Yin people respect; Respect us, villains are ghosts, so Zhou people inherit it with literature; The embarrassment of the text, the villain is loyal to you, so loyalty saves you. " Aside from his theory of historical cycle, the politics of "loyalty, respect and literature" embodies the development law from barbarism to the worship of ghosts and gods, and then to the rule of rites and music.
A survey of pre-Qin literature
The emergence and development of literature are roughly synchronized with history and culture, and music, dance, painting and plastic arts are interrelated and influenced each other. China's rock paintings from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic are distributed in more than 65,438,000 counties, cities and flags in more than 20 provinces and regions, including today's Hongkong and Taiwan Province provinces. The most famous ones are Yinshan Rock Paintings in Inner Mongolia, Cangyuan Rock Paintings in Yunnan, Huashan Rock Paintings in Guangxi, Jiangjunya Rock Paintings in Lianyungang, Hutubi Rock Paintings in Xinjiang, Gangcha Rock Paintings in Qinghai and Heishan Rock Paintings near Jiayuguan. The contents of rock paintings reflect nature worship, totem worship and primitive hunting, farming and dancing. Simplified characters and symbolized rock paintings may be the predecessors of ancient Chinese characters. More than a dozen bone flutes were unearthed from the Neolithic site in Jiahu, Wuyang, Henan Province. Most of them have seven holes, which can play seven notes, and some have tuning holes. The pottery urns unearthed in Jingcun, Wanrong County, Shanxi Province and Banpo Site, Shaanxi Province are not made according to absolute pitch, and one urn hole can make four sounds. Neolithic pottery is exquisite in craftsmanship. Most of the pottery is painted with rope patterns, basket patterns, string patterns, checkered patterns or animal and plant patterns, which are beautiful in shape and exquisite in workmanship. These daily necessities have high aesthetic value. There are also many purely artistic stone tools and jade articles, such as the stone head of magnetic mountain culture Middle Site, Yuhuan of Liangzhu Cultural Site, mountain jade ornaments and jade cong, Longfeng and Gou of Longshan Culture, etc. In primitive society, painting, music and plastic arts are so developed that it is reasonable to produce literature. Because literature is the art of language, words and writing tools have not yet been produced, leaving no original records.
Section II Overview of Pre-Qin Literature
Zhixia's ballads, myths and legends in primitive society were all passed down from mouth to mouth, which belonged to oral literature and were preserved in later works. Although it has been tampered with in the process of communication, or branded with the brand of communication times, in terms of the essence of its content, it has striking similarities with other cultures and arts in primitive society, and it is the bud of China literature. Just as many animal embryos and plant buds are difficult to distinguish species from each other in appearance, literary embryos and buds have not yet formed independently.
/kloc-More than 0/00 years ago, Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins uncovered the mystery of the earliest writing in China. Tens of thousands of tortoise shells and animal bones engraved with special-shaped Chinese characters provide solid literature materials for the study of politics, economy and culture in the Shang Dynasty, among which there are many embryonic embryos of literature, and some Oracle Bone Inscriptions have quite obvious literary characteristics. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relic of the 273-year period from Pan Geng, King of Shang Dynasty, to his demise. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a mature system, which shows that there were characters before Pan Geng moved to Yin, and China's ancient written literature began in Shang Dynasty.
A little later than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the inscription is Zhong Ding. Zhong Ding's inscription was discovered very early in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi said: "The county often gets mountains and rivers, and its inscription is the ancient prose of the previous generation." There are many "three generations of ancient artifacts" in the writings recording the inscriptions of ancient artifacts in Song Dynasty. There are few words in the inscriptions of Zhong Ding in the Shang Dynasty, but the words in the inscriptions of Zhong Ding in the Western Zhou Dynasty have gradually increased, and the longest one is close to 500 words, forming a certain structural pattern and a veritable "piece".
The literature from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period increased, and the most important one was the original Confucian classic Six Arts. Historical records? Biography of Funny Stories quoted Confucius as saying: "Six arts are used to cure one, rituals are used to save people, music is used to make peace, books are used to teach things, poems are used to express ideas, The Book of Changes is deified, and The Spring and Autumn Annals is based on virtue." These works are regarded as strategies for governing the country. Among them, besides Yi Li, The Book of Rites also includes Zhou Li and Li Ji, which is actually a work after the Warring States Period. Jing Yue has not been handed down, and it is generally considered as the music score of The Book of Songs. The earliest works are Shangshu and Zhouyi. Tuogu's viewpoint in the Book of Changes is that Fuxi painted hexagrams, as a speech, and Wen Wang. The germination period of the Book of Changes may be in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and The Old Biography of the Book of Changes was written by Confucius, and it is believed that it was commissioned by Confucianism during the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. There are many ancient primitive ballads, myths and legends and historical stories in the hexagrams in Zhouyi, which play an important role in the original literature. Shangshu is a cross-era compilation of archival documents. Aside from the identification of today's ancient prose, only from the time when the characters were produced, Yu Shu and Xia Shu are obviously the supplements of later generations, while Shangshu and Zhou Shu have the minimum credible conditions. Although Shangshu is famous for being difficult to read, it created a precedent for prose creation, paid attention to the structure of rules and regulations, and was clear-cut, with many mature figures of speech, which were valued by essayists in past dynasties. Spring and Autumn Annals is the earliest extant chronicle in China. According to legend, it was compiled by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period according to Historical Records of Lu Benji. Its conciseness is like a running account, which fails to constitute a prose chapter. However, its implicit meaning and implicit praise and criticism directly led to the emergence of Zuo Zhuan.
Pre-Qin literature is mainly the literature of the Zhou Dynasty, especially the literature of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, that is, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Book of Songs, historical prose, essays of various schools of thought and Chu Ci are the main bodies of Zhou literature.
The Book of Songs was produced from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. It is the earliest collection of poems in China and the most important literary work in the pre-Qin period. Ancient Yi poems other than The Book of Songs are scattered in later writings, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. Therefore, The Book of Songs is also the only collection of poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. The ballads before the Western Zhou Dynasty were very short, but only the rudiment of poetry. In the Zhou Dynasty, poetry flourished on the original basis, and many of these poems were included in the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is a collective creation, including temple songs, national epics and political satires, as well as a large number of folk songs. The contents and forms of folk songs in The Book of Songs are rich and colorful, which initiated the source of China's poetic realism and had a far-reaching influence on China literature and history.
Prose in pre-Qin period mainly includes biographies of history and philosophers. Historical prose is also historical prose, and the concept of historical books in pre-Qin and Han dynasties is not clear enough. There is no "history department" in Yiwenzhi, and history books only exist as Confucian classics or their vassals. Chunqiu was originally a brief history, but people did not regard it as a history book, but determined it as a Confucian classic. Zuo Zhuan and Chunqiu are related by Confucian classics. Historical facts are used to interpret the classics, and the words to interpret the classics are biographies, so they are called historical biography prose. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long? Except Zuo Zhuan, there is no necessary connection between the listed book examples and Jing.
Zuo Zhuan is the earliest detailed chronicle work in China, and it is also the earliest narrative literature masterpiece in China. It is generally believed that it was written by Zuo Qiuming to explain the Spring and Autumn Annals. Its style is the same as Chunqiu. It explains the classics of Chunqiu with specific historical facts, with its own content and different ideas from Chunqiu, so it can be independent of Chunqiu. Zuo Zhuan comprehensively reflects the historical process of the transition from slavery to feudalism in the Spring and Autumn Period, and records the ancient history and legends before the Western Zhou Dynasty through folk narration. Zuo Zhuan is good at narration, especially at describing war. The language is concise and vivid, gentle, implicit and euphemistic, humorous and vivid; The works objectively depict a large number of vivid historical figures by narrating, describing the war and recording the characters' language, which makes a good start for China's narrative writing literature.
Guoyu is regarded as another work of Zuo Qiuming and the earliest national history book in China. There is no necessary connection between Guoyu and Chunqiu. Because the main historical facts of this book are consistent with Chunqiu and Zuozhuan, it is also called Chunqiu Zhuan. Several chapters were recorded in the Western Zhou Muwang period, more than 200 years earlier than Zuo Zhuan, and most of them were similar to Zuo Zhuan. Guoyu is good at memorizing words, which is simple and clear, with profound meaning. Or humorous and vivid, the scene is complete; Or integrate Zhuang into one, which is full of fun; Or simple and natural, full of philosophy; There are many long macro expositions about the past and the present, which have the basic pattern of exposition.
"The Warring States Policy" is a vertical and horizontal family book during the Warring States Period, which was written in the late Western Han Dynasty. At that time, there was no emperor and no Fang Bo. Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan coexist, while the Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Song, Wei and Zhongshan can only be established. Qin and a powerful country in eastern Shandong joined forces to deal with other countries, called "Lian Heng"; The vassal states of Xiao Shandong joined forces against Qin, which is called "alliance". Politicians who engage in Lian Heng or alliance are all military strategists. "The Warring States Policy" is a vertical and horizontal book, which reflects the political struggle during the Warring States period. The language of Warring States Policy is grandiose and full of eloquence. Character description pays attention to the description of appearance portrait and action details, and adopts various methods such as promoting first and restraining later, so that character description becomes the author's subjective writing motivation.
During the Warring States period, talented people came forth in large numbers, and representatives of various factions were collectively called philosophers. In order to solve social contradictions, philosophers put forward various strategies for governing the country, lobbied and debated, and wrote books. Academic thought and literary creation are unprecedentedly prosperous, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend and a hundred flowers blossom. Hundreds of schools are not real numbers, but there are many academic schools. Hanshu? Yiwenzhi contains nine schools and ten schools of Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Fa, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Za and Nong, all of which are schools, so it is also called Nine Schools. Novelists are divided into ten schools based on gossip and hearsay, among which Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and France have far-reaching influence.
A hundred schools of thought contended during the Warring States Period, which promoted the prosperity of hundred schools of thought's prose, including The Analects of Confucius and Mozi in the early Warring States Period, Mencius and Zhuangzi in the middle of the Warring States Period, Xunzi and Han Feizi in the late Warring States Period, etc. As far as academic schools are concerned, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi belong to Confucianism, Mozi to Mohism, Zhuangzi to Taoism and Han Feizi to Legalism. As far as the style of the article is concerned, The Analects of Confucius is a typical quotation. Mencius and Zhuangzi are argumentative essays, but Mencius has not been fully quoted, and Zhuangzi is close to a monograph. Mozi, Xunzi and Han Feizi are all monographs with general themes.
Prose of pre-Qin philosophers are all political or philosophical contents, which belong to the category of prose. However, the argument and reasoning of these works pay attention to concreteness and visualization, and adopt literary techniques such as fable, metaphor, exaggeration and personification to varying degrees. They are rich in literary talent, vigorous and unrestrained, rich in imagination and even portray vivid characters, so they have a strong literary color. Fables are particularly distinctive. Pre-Qin philosophers not only widely used folk fables, but also created their own fables, which are rich in content, vivid in stories, varied in techniques, full of wisdom and humor, and have high aesthetic value.
Chu Ci is the first literary achievement in the Warring States Period. Chu Ci is a new poetic style created by Chu people represented by Qu Yuan at the end of the Warring States Period on the basis of cultural traditions and folk literature, which is different from the Book of Songs. About 300 years after the Book of Songs, prose flourished and poetry was depressed. The appearance of Qu Yuan and Chu Ci broke the depression of the poetry circle, broke through the pattern of The Book of Songs, opened up a new field of poetry creation, and pushed poetry creation to a new peak. Qu Yuan is not only the first person in China's poetry from the collective to the individual, but also the first great patriotic poet in China and the first great romantic poet in China. The poet's magnificent poems have been radiating infinite brilliance for more than two thousand years. "Not one generation can immerse itself in future generations."