Mou, Head of the 09.4 Chinese Preparation Team in Senior Three, Saide

1999 and 2000, the composition of the college entrance examination for two consecutive years is a topic composition. People have different opinions on the topic of composition in the past two years, and the voices of praise and criticism are constantly seen in newspapers. Topic composition, as a new type of composition, has entered people's field of vision in people's debates and entered the classroom of teaching and training.

1. Understand the theme composition

(A) the concept of topic composition

Topic composition is a form of composition proposition that uses revealing language to inspire thinking, stimulate imagination and limit the scope. It is a form of free composition for a phenomenon or thing. There are no opinions on general topics and no restrictions on topics. Therefore, this kind of composition has a wide selection of materials, which makes students have something to say, easy to write true feelings and highlight students' personality characteristics. In 2000, the composition questions of the college entrance examination were analyzed with four different figures, which led to the topic of "colorful answers" and required to write an article around the topic. The topic of topic composition is the center of conversation. Topic composition requires candidates to write a narrative, an argumentative, an explanatory or other articles according to the topic situation and content range provided by the examination questions.

Topic composition questions generally consist of four parts: materials, short tips, "topics" derived from materials, and composition requirements. The material plays a leading role, or provides a fact or tells a short story. In order to attract the attention of candidates and introduce their thinking into the realm provided by the materials. Tips are used to explain the material or supplement the introduction to help candidates understand the material and expand their thinking. "Topics" come from materials. It is the central theme of works extracted from materials. The relationship between the topic and the material may be that the topic scope is only part of the meaning contained in the material, or it may be that the topic scope far exceeds the meaning contained in the material. The analysis and grasp of the relationship between topic materials is the key to writing a good topic composition. Composition requirements put forward some specific requirements for composition, such as style and length. Of course, the topic composition is not the above one, for example, some have no short tips; Some have no specific materials, just an analytical and suggestive language; Some only give a clear paragraph of material instead of a clear topic, and so on.

Correctly understanding and understanding the relationship between materials, hints and topics and their respective functions is the key to understanding topic composition, and also the key to guiding and writing topic composition. On the other hand, the most important thing is to slow down the difficulty of students' exams, help students understand the questions and make clear the requirements.

(2) The characteristics of topic composition. Topic composition is a pioneering work of college entrance examination proposition. Compared with propositional composition and material composition, topic composition is an open composition. Its most prominent features are less restrictive conditions and strong openness.

1. Characteristics of topic composition

(1) Topic composition provides topics that candidates are generally familiar with or should know. Students can feel it and have something to say on this topic.

(2) The materials provided by the topic composition only give a range, that is, starting from the materials, leading to the specified writing range and thinking object, suggesting that the writing content points to the candidates, and you can start from the materials, but don't stick to the materials, but write something outside the materials. The content written is related to the content mentioned in the title and conclusion.

(3) The content of topic composition is not limited to death. The requirements are relatively loose and broad, encouraging students to emancipate their minds, broaden their writing ideas, get out of the narrow space of writing materials and express rich and colorful content.

(4) Style dilution is more thorough, and there is more freedom in style selection. Students can choose their best style to write according to the content, which avoids the phenomenon that everyone writes a style, which is monotonous and single, limiting students' choice. As long as there are no special restrictions (or poetry is not allowed), the style is open, and there are generally no other restrictions except poetry. It can be written as narrative, argumentative and essay. Prose poems, etc. Unlimited style, so as to provide students with fair competition opportunities to play their own advantages and promote personality development. For example, people who are good at image expression can describe and express their feelings; People who are good at eloquent reasoning can talk about feelings through reasoning. Let students show their talents in vivid narrative description, embody their temperament in rich imagination, or mature in calm analysis and thinking. As long as the content of the article is to the point, the facts are rich and sufficient, the feelings are full and sincere, and the language is beautiful, you can write excellent works.

(5) Topic composition is more flexible in the use of expression. The number of words in the article is more open than before, generally not less than 800 words.

(6) Topic composition does not limit topics. Topic composition generally requires self-made topics. Due to the limited topic composition, candidates can show creativity. Candidates can write their own topics and show their personality according to the topic materials and their own material selection characteristics and stylistic characteristics. On the surface, topic composition candidates can hear all kinds of things, and the content can radiate all aspects of life. From the point of view, topic composition can dig out the author's inner world, dig out his feelings about life from the facts and show the details of the image. It should be said that the topic composition provides candidates with a broad thinking space, which is conducive to the candidates to show their personality and expertise, and also avoids the stereotyped situation caused by the timing of thinking in the proposition composition.

2. The difference between "topic composition" and "material composition"

(1) Materials are handled in different ways. Although both the material composition and the topic composition have "materials", their treatment and application of materials are not exactly the same, and the explanations in the test questions are not exactly the same. The material in the material composition is often the original material processed and refined by the screenwriter. Candidates must write according to the materials, or put forward arguments according to the materials, or directly use the materials as arguments. Or choose other materials consistent with the nature of the examination materials to write an argumentative essay. When writing a narrative, the theme and content of the article should also be consistent with the content of the material, and the restrictions are relatively dead. Although there are materials in the topic composition, the materials only help writers deepen their understanding of the topic, and candidates can write without using the materials provided by the test questions. In fact, the proposer can write a topic for the candidate without giving any materials. At present, most topic compositions are provided.

(2) Different requirements for conception. In material composition, the author's ideas or arguments must come from materials. Whether he likes it or not, the idea must be closely related to the material, and the author is required to accurately understand the ideological tendency limited or implied by the material, and the composition must not "deviate from the topic". The topic composition reduces the difficulty of examining the topic, and the topic is only a range. As long as the ideas and arguments are within the scope of the topic, they can be regarded as conforming to the meaning of the topic. Topic composition is a relatively free composition form for the author. It clearly stipulates in the test questions that "self-determination" should be returned to students. With certain intentions, they can think for thousands of years and see through Wan Li. Their imaginative wings can fly freely, leaving more room for candidates to display their talents.

(3) Different requirements for style. Generally speaking, the material composition often implies that the writer must write an argumentative essay. Those who can write an argumentative essay and those who can't write an argumentative essay should also bite the bullet and write. Candidates have less freedom to choose styles. The topic composition cancels the restrictions on style and requires candidates to "choose their own style". Candidates can write argumentative essays, narratives, essays and novels. Micro reportage, etc. Judging from the actual situation of college entrance examination compositions in recent years, many candidates write fables, tell stories and make up short plays. Candidates can write any style they are good at and use any expression they are good at, so that they can give full play to their personality and expertise.

3. The difference between "topic composition" and "proposition composition"

Topic composition provides a writing range, and its topic is only to prompt the content direction; Propositional composition generally provides the central meaning (except, of course, the proposition itself is a topic)

② The content required to be written in the topic is related to it; Propositional composition generally requires close attention to the topic.

Generally speaking, the writing scope of topic composition is far larger than that of some propositional compositions.

Proposers can draw up their own topics, and proposers cannot choose other topics.

Second, the college entrance examination topic composition questions

(A) according to the structure of the topic text classification

1. Writing ideas and ideas with the theme of "unique characters"

In 2004, the composition of Chinese test questions in the college entrance examination, whether it is the national test paper or the test papers with separate propositions in various provinces and cities, accounted for a large part, but Shanghai is unique, and the composition of test questions is also unique. Although the composition topics in 2005 are more diversified, there are also related topics, such as "unexpected, reasonable" and "forgetting and memory" in the national paper; There are also phrases, such as "Win-win wisdom" of Shandong Juan, "Leave it to tomorrow" of Tianjin Juan and "Running Experience" of Hunan Juan. At the same time, writing themes with unique characters have also been developed, such as "face" in Jiangxi and "saying' an'" in Beijing.

Monosyllabic topic composition means that a given topic is a word, and we need to think about it. This kind of topic usually has the following characteristics: 1, and the given topic is very open with few restrictions. This requires giving full play to association and imagination when writing. The starting point of association and imagination is the topic itself. 2. The content involved in the topic is not necessarily the realistic direction of the given topic, but has certain symbolic significance.

Material 1: Read the following text and write as required.

When the word "prisoner" comes into your eyes, it may make you have some associations and imagination, remind you of things related to you or others, and produce some feelings.

Please write an article on "Prison". Requirements (omitted)

The thought of the word "prisoner" conjures up the feeling of being trapped in a cage. However, this is only literally the most intuitive meaning. If you want to dig out some profound meanings from the word itself, you have to start from an abstract point of view and then find new ideas. We can start with the change of the word "prisoner". For example, the person in the word "prisoner" spreads his wings and becomes a "career", and the person who struggles with his wings becomes. There is a foundation for success. If you nail the word "prisoner" on the cross, you will only be "sleepy". Of course, people who seem to be imprisoned can also let their hearts fly and let their hearts gallop outside the cage. "Prisoner" is an abstract one-word composition, so we must find a reasonable breakthrough for such a topic.

Excellent exercise 1

People in the cage, the heart outside the cage.

The man in the cage is a prisoner. For example, the cage binds the bird's wings and closes the bird's field of vision, and the blue sky becomes a helpless prospect. People in the "prison" also left behind the imprisonment of thoughts and lost their freedom.

However, the visible cage covers your eyes, but you can't let the invisible cage invade your heart. When the worldly troubles haunt your figure, when the whole sky blocks your steps, if you can't get out, graze your thoughts into the distance. Let your eyes go far away and your thoughts fly. In the distance, you have your own faint empty valley, your own clear water and blue sky, and your own desert smoke. Your heart is outside the cage and becomes a "dream".

The cage is monotonous and the outside is gorgeous. There is a low sigh in the cage, and the ideal sail is held high outside the cage. Inside and outside the cage, it only depends on where you put your heart, and your heart wanders in the cage and eventually gets confused. Even if you are peaceful, how can you rush out of the cage to chase the sun? Even if you are wandering, even if you are beaten by the wind and waves, you will never feel depressed after the battle.

The tangible cage is a prison for people, but you can't see the Yijing hexagrams bred in the prison. You don't know that the Song Zhengqi tempered in harsh laws reflects the sun and the moon. Break through the tangible cage and seek the deep crystallization of "thinking" outside the cage.

The invisible cage is the shackles of the human spirit. How many fresh thoughts are strangled in the cage, and how many people are lonely. More sadly, when someone adds a cage to you, you may know to fight hard, but more cages are often set by yourself inadvertently, for example, blindly following authority, doubting others, and easily not affirming and praising yourself, just as biologists don't trust their own observations and give up easily. Just like people who dare not do charity easily now, they are afraid of being misunderstood as liars.

Fortunately, there are volunteers in history, Boyi Shuqi, who is loyal to shouyangshan, and Jiao Bao, who clings to a tree ... disintegrate your inner cage, hold your head high, enrich your wisdom, let go of your ideals, and ignore those cages that are tangled like ropes. Remember how Alexander the Great treated the magical knots in Asia? Cut the gordian knot!

The world is simple and people are complicated. There are no cages in the world. As long as your heart is outside the cage, you have a profound "thinking" and thorough understanding. Life is easy, heavy and ideal, but just like a ship sailing on the waves of the sea, you must be loaded, thoughtful and ideal before you can have a stable ark of life.

Starting with the divergent thinking of the word "prisoner", this paper demonstrates various viewpoints of "the heart is outside the cage" with sufficient arguments, rich language and vivid metaphors, and points out the correct course for the lost. From the content aspect, taking the flight of "bird" as an example, this paper shows the meaning of "freedom" to readers, and then demonstrates that people should give enough space to the spiritual world. Let the mind gallop on a dynamic boat. The score is 19. From the linguistic point of view, figurative metaphor and philosophical language make the reasoning of this paper more sufficient and the viewpoint more distinct. The score is 18. From the development level, this paper fully expands the imagination, starts with the word "prison" and goes beyond the word itself.

2. Writing on the topic of "single words"

(1) The characteristics of topic composition in one font. One-word composition means that the topic or topic is a word, which is a popular way of proposition and frequently appears in the college entrance examination in recent years. 200 1 "sincerity" in national examination, "rules" in Beijing examination in 2002 and "face" in Jiangxi examination in 2005. The turning point in Beijing in 2003, tolerance in Beijing in 2004, commemoration in Guangdong in 2005, reading in Anhui in 2006 and asking in Sichuan are all verb topics. The "miscellaneous" in Shanghai newspaper in 2003 and the "busy" in Shanghai newspaper in 2004 are adjective topics. These three nominal concept questions all passed the college entrance examination.

(2) the examination of the topic composition of a font.

Admittedly, compared with the general topic composition and material composition, the difficulty of topic examination is much lower, but this does not mean that the topic will not be examined. Then, how to examine this type of composition? First of all, look at the words that make up the topic or topic.

Some of these words are abstract, such as the 2005 Guangdong volume "Memorial"; Some are specific, such as the "face" in Jiangxi in 2005 and the "shoulder" in Liaoning in 2006. Others are concrete, such as "Shoulder" in Liaoning in 2006.

1, the advantage of the nominal topic is that it limits the content of the composition, which plays a certain role in correcting the excessive opening of the topic composition and preventing the structure and mutual influence. When reviewing questions, we should be clear about the connotation and extension of this word.

For example, what should we do when we see the topic of "habit"? First of all, we must determine the connotation and extension of words. The connotation of habit refers to the behaviors, tendencies and social fashions that are gradually developed over a long period of time and are not easy to change at one time; Moreover, its extension is relatively wide, which can be a person's habit or a national habit; It can also be the root of habit, the function and disadvantage of habit.

2. The topic of speech is to provide actions, behaviors and psychological state, and to make a fuss about "process" has certain selectivity. When reviewing the topic, we should pay attention to the meaning of this action expressed by this verb, and then add branches to this verb to make its action more clear.

For example, the Anhui volume "Reading" in 2006, we know that the verb "reading" mainly refers to reading, so we can add appropriate objects to what to read, such as reading a book in detail, reading life, society and readers. Only in this way can the article be specific and unambiguous.

3. Adjective topics provide the characteristics of things, which are both inclusive and open: people, things and things; Emotion, reason and law; Positive, correct, negative, and so on. , can be used to represent text. When examining questions, we should understand the nature and state of the person or thing represented by this word.

For example, in the Shanghai volume in 2004, the word "busy" should mean that people are in a state of no leisure. This state can describe the state of a person or a group, which can be fruitful or unproductive, and it is a kind of hectic.

4. The topic or topic is specific, such as the "face" in the Jiangxi volume in 2005. We should understand the connotation and extension of this word, and more importantly, understand its metaphorical and abstract meanings. If we can think of abstract faces, we can think of abstract surfaces.

5. The topic or topic is abstract, so make the word concrete. For example, the topic composition "new" is an adjective, meaning just appeared or just experienced. This is a more specific word, and we can associate it with the novelty of things, people and things; It can also be some abstract novelty, such as innovation, novelty and trendy.

To sum up, there are the following methods that can be used to examine the topic:

(1) Read the meaning of the word; (2) Turn reality into reality, turn reality into reality; Make a mountain out of a molehill

(3) Propose and demonstrate the ideas and ideas of writing with the topic of "unique parts of speech".

The topic composition with small quotation means that the given topic is a word, not a phrase or sentence. This kind of topic composition is relatively open in conception. There are two situations: First, if the given material is not biased in content, then the conception at this time is all-round, that is, you can either affirm or deny the given material, or write about yourself or others. Second, if the given material is biased, then

Material 1: Read the following text and write as required.

In modern society, the word "bright spot" is frequently used. The new edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary interprets "bright spot" as "a metaphor for dazzling people or things." What associations or ideas did it give you?

Please write a composition on the topic of "Highlights".

Requirements: 1, the content written must be within the scope of the topic. 2. Self-determined and self-selected style. 3. Self-made topic, no less than 800 words.

The topic composition is very open, leaving a broad space for students to play freely. The title is a word-bright spot. In order to make the exam accurate, we must first analyze the given materials. It is necessary to condense the given material into one sentence: the "bright spot" with high utilization rate in today's society (metaphor for dazzling people or things) has aroused your association or thinking. As can be seen from this sentence, the frequency of the use of "bright spots" in the material itself is not biased-neither sure nor negative, but an objective description. At this time, the idea of the highlight topic is all-round, and you can be sure that the benefits and important functions of the highlight are discussed; You can also deny and analyze the disadvantages of bright spots and the harm of bright spots; You can write your own highlights, or you can write about the impact of other people's highlights on yourself; You can write the highlights of history and the highlights of today's society, which is the characteristic of a word-for-word composition.

Excellent exercise 1

Focus on life

Do you know the power of light? When I was a child, I often played this game: put a magnifying glass in the sun and a bright spot will appear on the ground. Put a piece of paper on a bright spot, and a flame will soon come out; Aim the bright spot at an ant, and soon the ant will be burnt. The seemingly ordinary light focuses on one point, but it can produce incredible power! At first, Archimedes used the focus of light to burn Roman warships and defeated the powerful Roman army.

Focus on life, you are the bright spot that attracts attention. In the long river of history, how many people have been lost and forgotten by rivers, but how many bright stars still shine on the world. That star is a flower that blooms at the moment when a great man finishes his life. It is short but eternal. Sima Qian wrote historical records all his life, and finally became a "historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme"; Cao Xueqin devoted himself to the creation of A Dream of Red Mansions, and finally pushed it to the peak of classical novels. Margaret Mitchell wrote only one novel, Gone with the Wind, which made many people who claimed to be "prolific" writers feel ashamed. Marx left half of Das Kapital, but the proletarians found the direction of struggle.

Focus on your life and believe that you will be a bright spot. Don't complain that the environment is just a blank sheet of paper. A few strokes painted by Badashan people are priceless. Ordinary is just a stone, which has become an immortal sculpture through Michelangelo's wonderful hand; Don't call yourself incompetent. After all, the foolish Zeng Shen inherited the orthodoxy of Confucius, and the illiterate Hui Neng also inherited the teachings of Huang Mei. Incompetence is just a coward's refusal.

The focus of life may not be much, but it is the condensation of your vitality and efforts. Only in this way can you create unimaginable creativity in generate. Only by putting aside selfish distractions and moving towards the goal in our hearts can we get rid of the entanglement of fame and fortune, get rid of the fetters of the secular world and become a shining bright spot. On the other hand, how can people who are half-hearted and trapped by worldly fame and fortune concentrate on reaching the peak of success? "Disasters often accumulate bit by bit, however, smart and brave people are often drowned." We must listen to the good teachings of the ancients. Scientists are regarded as indifferent by the world because they have found their own focus, which is a paradise full of flowers in the eyes of the world. They focused all their efforts on the focus, releasing dazzling light for the world.

Focusing needs to grasp the direction and adjust the focal length. But the eagle will fly very high, and it will not be attached to a handful of bad rice in the hands of farmers. The antelope is in danger, but it still won't enter the dense jungle. No one can light a lamp in strong light, just as the blind can't learn art and the lame can't learn race walking. The water source is always high. You have to run around all your life. What you use to make a living is your strength. Homer could not find gravity after all, and Einstein could not create Christianity. It is also not advisable for Jordan to play football and Bailey to play basketball.

Focus your life, and you are the bright spot.

After reading this article, I think of the key points of life from the "highlights", so as to talk about the value of life, which is written in a certain depth. From the content point of view, this association is reasonable and completely conforms to the meaning of the topic. The full text takes "paying attention to life" as the core, and the cultural connotation of material selection is rich and representative. At the same time, the author carefully arranged the materials, chose words and made sentences, and made a rational, restrained and affectionate discussion. The score is 18. In terms of expression, the structure of this paper is complete and rigorous. From the aspect of diction and sentence making, we can see that the author's skillful writing skills are given 18. At the level of development, this paper also has advantages, not only rich in materials, but also profound in analysis and mature in language. In fact, it is a work of accumulated development, with a development score of 18.

Excellent exercise 2

Create a "bright spot" (short story)

Although it is spring in March, just before the annual Arbor Day, the sun seems to have aroused the whole body's anger and sprayed fire at the earth angrily.

On an oblique hillside, several bundles of saplings are leaning against a towering stone, and several farmers are sweating like rain with shovels. Soon, several pits were obviously sunken on the ground covered with hay, which looked like yellow scars from a distance.

With the noise of ups and downs from far and near, the farmers wiped a sweat and looked up to see the county party secretary walking towards them with measured steps surrounded by reporters. They stood aside cautiously.

Wang Shuji took the shovel handed by his secretary and seemed curious about it. He is practicing beside one of the pits. He seldom exercises, but a fine layer of sweat comes out on his forehead. When the secretary caught up with him, he held up an umbrella, but Wang Shuji pushed the secretary aside like a tiger. Under the lens, Wang Shuji waved a shovel to cultivate a small tree, and the sweat on his forehead reflected the warm sunshine. ...

Afterwards, Secretary Wang earnestly warned the young secretary not to take an umbrella under the camera. The secretary thought of the bright smile and crystal sweat in the TV picture of Secretary Wang and suddenly nodded his head.

After planting the saplings, Wang Shuji went to the township government accompanied by the township head. This can make the township government leaders busy: let the secretary eat and drink at noon, but not eat pig's head and drink spirit Erguotou! So the township head instructed to allocate 5,000 yuan, and the soldiers were divided into several roads, and they were purchased in places not far from the county: flying in the sky, running underground and swimming in the river. ...

After satiated with food and drink, Wang Shuji and his party were flushed and drove to the poorest mountain village in the county. Luxury cars, greasy crowds, crumbling dilapidated houses and bony old people there seem to be compared for a century, but this strong visual effect has not affected Wang Shuji's abundant interest.

He walked into the shabby hut at the bottom as dark as a cave, smiled cordially with the children sitting on the threshold reading shabby textbooks, and talked cordially with the villagers struggling to sit up from the bed. Secretary Wang said: We know that the life of ordinary people here is hard! At the same time, hold the grateful old farmer's black and thin hand tightly. ...

The secretary was so moved that she almost wiped her eyes. Suddenly, he remembered the red envelope that Wang Shuji was going to give at the climax. So he quickly winked at Wang Shuji, twisted his eyebrows and pointed to his pocket from time to time. However, Wang Shuji seems to be immersed in "sharing worries with the people", unable to extricate himself and completely turning a blind eye.

On the way back, the young secretary asked Wang Shuji doubtfully about the red envelope. Wang Shuji said seriously: Didn't you see several reporters pointing fingers at the camera at that time? There must be something wrong with the camera. The secretary suddenly realized, nodding. ...

In the evening, the headline news of the county TV station reported: Wang Shuji of the county party committee personally went to the mountainous area of our county to implement the greening work of Arbor Day this spring. Under the leadership of Secretary Wang, it is estimated that the greening area of barren hills is expected to exceed 65,438+10,000 mu this year. In the afternoon, Wang Shuji of the county party committee took pains to personally inspect the poorest mountain village in our county and send warmth to the villagers there. Wang Shuji's excellent quality of being close to the people will surely become a bright spot for leading cadres in our county to make decisions for the people. ...

After reading this article in simulated batches, I have to admire the author's meticulous conception and quiet irony. The author thinks negatively about the topic and catches a typical one, which fits the meaning of the topic and the meaning of the text. Two sets of carefully designed shots fully exposed the ugly faces of these officials, making the article full of irony. With such a "true fiction", the author's feelings are naturally exposed. At the same time, this article is well-structured and seemingly scripted, but in fact it is rigid. So the basic score is 17+17. From the development level, the plot of this article is tortuous, which not only shows the author's creativity, but also tests his language expression ability. It should be said that this article can withstand scrutiny in both general view and details, and the development level is 60.

(4) Examples of "transcendence" in single-word topic composition

(1) Composition title: There is a kind of courage that makes people passionate; There is a kind of self-confidence that makes people rise proudly; There is a power that makes people soar. This is transcendence, giving people courage, confidence and strength. Sometimes exciting, sometimes thrilling, sometimes inspiring.

Life evolves in transcendence, and human beings progress in transcendence. Beyond friends, opponents and teachers ... If you surpass me, you will stand higher, see farther and think deeper. If I surpass you, you will never be complacent, never slack off and never stop.

Please write an article of no less than 800 words with the topic of "Transcendence" and choose your own angle, regardless of style.

(2) Writing skills. This topic suggests that the object, result and significance of "transcendence" are clear. When writing, you can choose a certain aspect and dig deeper, without being greedy for perfection. When writing prose, we should enthusiastically praise the courage, courage and spirit of transcendence; When writing an argumentative essay, it is advisable to use examples and reasons to demonstrate why and how to surpass it; Writing narrative can describe the tortuous process of transcendence, show the difficulty of transcendence, and thus show the preciousness of transcendence.

In addition to the topics listed, you can also write about money, feelings (family, love, friendship), yourself and so on. For example, in writing an argumentative essay, there are a wide range of arguments to choose from, and celebrities, great men and even mortals can enter the essay.