First, the argument (to prove what)

1. Expression form of argument: the argument should be a clear statement sentence, and the form is a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text.

2. Distinguish between the topic and the argument: the topic is the question under discussion, and the argument is aimed at the author's views on this issue.

3. Relationship between central argument and sub-argument: there is only one central argument (commander's sub-argument), and there may be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument). Sub-arguments are usually located at the beginning of a paragraph or symbolic words: first, second, third, etc.

4. Ways to find and summarize the central argument:

① From the position: the title, the beginning, the end, and the discussion process (pay attention to the transitional sentences connecting the preceding with the following);

(2) Find it according to the prompt (yes, it should, I think, in short, it seems to be ...);

(3) If there is no ready-made sentence to express the argument, it is necessary to extract the core of the article on the basis of accurate understanding of the full text, accurately judge and refine the author's point of view according to the topic and argument and referring to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize it in his own words.

5. Analyze how the argument is put forward:

(1) Put facts, reason and summarize arguments;

② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;

(3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion;

(4) Summarize the central argument after describing the author's experience;

⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

Second, the argument (with what proof)

1. Argument type: ① factual argument (summarize after giving an example and summarize the argument closely); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).

2. Distinguish factual arguments from rational arguments: factual arguments include representative cases, conclusive data and reliable historical facts. It can be specific or general; Rational argumentation includes famous sayings, sentences in classic works and the truth told by the author.

3. Summarize the factual arguments: Methods: People+events (cause and effect), pay attention to closely summarize the arguments, and it is best to point out the key words in the arguments. Language should be concise, and special attention should be paid to the limitation of words.

4. The function of analysis and argumentation: whether it is factual argumentation or rational argumentation, the function is proof argumentation. Some directly prove the central argument; Have a plenty of argumentation paragraphs, that is, the point of view closest to the material. Distinguish accurately when answering questions.

5. Fabricate factual arguments: examples should be true, typical and accurate, and arguments should be proved. Format: people+examples+brief comments, the language should be concise and smooth, the content should be properly connected with the above titles, and the front and back should be connected.

Third, the argument (how to prove)

1. Type of demonstration method

Illustration: give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

Reasoning and argumentation: prove the argument with classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms, recognized theorems and formulas; Comparative argument: prove an argument by comparing positive and negative facts or reasons;

Metaphorical argument: to prove an argument with metaphors of familiar things.

2. Analysis and demonstration methods and the answer format of their functions.

Illustration: Give an example of (summarizing a case) and demonstrate (an argument) concretely and forcefully, so as to make the argument more real and convincing. Reasoning and argumentation: Quote (reasoning and argumentation), fully demonstrate (point of view), and enhance the persuasiveness of the article.

Comparative argument: Compare (facts or reasons) with (facts or reasons), highlight (opinions), and enhance persuasiveness.

Metaphorical argument: Compare (the object of discussion) with (familiar things) and present (an idea) vividly (in simple terms). Note: If there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves (the point closest to the material), otherwise write the central argument.

3. Analyze the full text or paragraph demonstration ideas:

(1) How the argument was put forward;

(2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning);

(3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.

The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

4. Integrity of the argument: make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding.

Fourthly, the structure of argumentative essay.

1. General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Ontology (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).

2. Type: ① tied ② total score ③ total score ④ total score ⑤ progressive.

The function of the first paragraph of verb (abbreviation of verb)

1. Introduce an argument or topic. (According to the specific content analysis)

2. If the facts or truths in this paragraph contain opinions, they will be used as factual arguments to prove the opinions.

3. Stimulate readers' interest in reading.

4. Lead to the following argument

Explain the meaning of ... so that people can have a clearer understanding.

6. Show wrong arguments or arguments and set goals for the following refutation.

Sixth, the language of argumentative writing.

1. An analysis of the linguistic features of argumentative essays;

(1) From a logical point of view, this paper analyzes the accuracy and rigor of its words:

(2) Analyzing the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning;

The vivid, vivid and emotional words should be analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric.

2. What's the use of adding words?

Answer the idea:

① Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context;

(2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (depth, metaphor or extension);

This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language.

3. Can the word order be reversed?

Thinking of answering questions: ① Explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.

4. The pronoun refers to:

(1) Contact the context to summarize; (2) In the original text, it usually appears before pronouns. When found, it can be used instead of pronouns. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.

VII. Openness

Investigate the emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When answering questions, you need to combine the article and give full play to your personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or celebrity examples to prove your point of view or understanding.