Argumentative writing must be well-founded, and well-founded needs to be based on orderly speech. This "order" is the structure. Li Yu, a dramatist in the Qing Dynasty, believed that craftsmen should first plan "where to build the hall, where to open the account, what wood is needed for the building, and what materials are used for the beam", that is to say, they must have "rules and regulations" in their minds before they can "carry the axe" and formally start work. Writing an argumentative essay is like building a house. You must also have a reasonable overall idea before writing, follow this idea in the writing process, and reflect this idea when the article is completed.

A good argumentative essay for college entrance examination is, of course, an article with clear structure and exquisite conception, and this kind of article is often the most likely to attract the attention of marking teachers. Let's look at the No.1 Standard of Guangdong Province in 2004:

Language, build a bridge of communication

One of the differences between human beings and other animals is that human beings have their own unique language, which has built a bridge for human communication. Through this bridge, we can understand each other's needs, feel each other's feelings and share each other's joys and sorrows.

Language is sometimes a good medicine to resolve misunderstandings. Lian Po, the general of Zhao, was valued by the prince of Zhao because of jealousy, and threatened to embarrass him. While the two sides avoid conflicts everywhere. Everyone is puzzled. The phrase "national emergency first, personal hatred later" tells his intention. This sentence also made Lian Po instantly eliminate the prejudice against Xiang Ru, offer a humble apology, and finally Xiang Ru became a friend with clenched fists. Hit the floor's words of Xiang Ru became a bridge between the hearts of the two ministers, enabling them to communicate with each other and enabling Lian Po to understand Xiang Ru's personality. Language is the carrier of transmitting information. Through language, many misunderstandings can be eliminated, so the gap between hearts can also be washed away.

Language is a carrier pigeon that conveys love and understanding. Many modern parents complain that their children always don't listen to themselves, and many children also complain that their parents always don't understand themselves and always bind themselves. There are many reasons for this situation, but the most important thing is that there is too little communication between parents and children. Some parents don't let their children do anything, just ask him to study hard and not be distracted. This is not a concern. Real concern should be based on mutual understanding. Some families will spare a little time every day to let everyone express their thoughts and hopes. Parents will listen carefully to their children's surprises, and children will silently remember their parents' teachings and expectations. Mutual understanding promotes mutual communication. Language, like a homing pigeon, transmits one person's heart to another, so as to establish understanding. The understanding between parents and children enables parents to find the best way to express their love, and also enables children to show sympathy to their parents and know how to repay them. The language exchange between them opens the door to communication and understanding.

If the communication in language is inappropriate, it will lead to misunderstanding in communication. Just like the fable that Mrs. Feng died in a fire, the role of language in communication can not be ignored. Therefore, learning language expression well is of great benefit to communication. Only by building this bridge of communication can we understand each other better.

With language, communication will become smooth; With language, communication will be so colorful.

This is a very standard argumentative essay, without flowery rhetoric, novel materials and shocking views, but it got 57 points. With what? In addition to accurate examination, simple reasoning and rich materials, I think an important reason is clear structure and distinct levels. It can be seen that the proper arrangement of argumentative structure is also a bright spot to win high marks. Therefore, in the preparation stage of senior three, of course, we can't ignore the training of argumentative structure. The following are some practices and experiences of guiding students to train argumentative structure in practice in recent years. There may be no profound theory, but I believe it has certain reference value.

First, a principle. Time is tight and the task is heavy to prepare for the composition of senior three. When guiding students to carry out planning and layout training, we must follow the principle of making the difficult easy and simplifying the complicated, and concentrate on attacking a little, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. There are several requirements for the structure of the composition scoring standard for college entrance examination: "rigorous structure", "complete structure" and "novel concept". According to these standards and the characteristics of senior three students, the author puts forward two requirements for students: completeness and clarity. By the third year of senior high school, most students can basically write argumentative papers with a beginning and a end, so the focus of training should be clarity.

Second, two sets of ideas. Schopenhauer said, "Whoever thinks clearly will make it clear." That makes sense. In the examination room, whoever thinks clearly will write clearly; Whoever writes clearly will get high marks. There are thousands of ideas in Qian Qian, but only a few are simple and typical, which are suitable for the training of our students. I offer two kinds to students. The first is syllogism, the basic idea is: ask questions (put forward central arguments)-analyze problems (demonstrate central arguments)-solve problems. The "Bid No.1" quoted above is a typical syllogism argumentative paper: the first paragraph puts forward the central argument-language builds a bridge for human communication, the middle two paragraphs analyze and demonstrate the central argument from two aspects, and the last two paragraphs solve the problem of how to communicate. The second is causal analysis, the basic idea is: what-why-how. Let's take a look at the following example:

Talk about persistence

People want to stop at the splendid "Rome Miyagi" and reach the "ivory tower" to realize their long-cherished dream, which requires unremitting efforts, because persistence is victory.

Persistence is a challenge to the limit, a generous display of hard work and sweat, an insistence on ideals, and a heroic spirit of not giving up until you reach the Great Wall. Wang struggled in sweat, went boating in the "bitter sea" and finally boarded the throne of the Olympic champion, which was persistence; The Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants climbed snow-capped mountains, crossed grasslands and trampled on 25,000 Li. This amazing feat still exists.

The rope saws the wood, and the drop of water wears through the stone. Success often comes from persistent efforts. Edison's personality is convincing. It took him ten years to invent the storage battery, and he did 50,000 experiments before he succeeded. This is the power of persistence. One year, the composition of the college entrance examination was a cartoon. In the cartoon, the man dug four wells and left without seeing them. In fact, some wells are only a shovel away from the water layer. If you persist a little longer, the victory will belong to him. However, he gave up and missed the success. Discard long-term persistence and pick up the regret of tasting. Of course, you can't pick golden apples.

Persistence requires the tenacity of grasping Meng Huo seven times, the perseverance of six mountains, the endurance of loneliness and loneliness, and the wisdom and courage to know what not to do. Zhang Haidi suffered from spinal tumor since he was a child, and his limbs below the thoracic vertebra lost consciousness forever. But she taught herself English, Japanese and German with amazing perseverance, and even translated and created novels with hundreds of thousands of words. This is persistence, so that only one-third of her body radiates brilliant brilliance, and persistence finally holds up the sun of life that never falls.

Of course, persistence is not persistence, let alone painting the ground as a prison. Just imagine, if Cai Lun insists on the original method instead of boldly improving raw materials after many failures in papermaking, then the "four great inventions" that we are proud of will be rewritten as "three great inventions". If Lu Xun didn't recognize the situation clearly, there were many ordinary doctors and few writers in China's modern history. The kind of person who only knows how to sweat on the old road, who doesn't hit the south wall and doesn't look back, is a rash man and a coward. In this way, he is bound to do the opposite and break his head.

The temptation from afar is why we are busy, why we struggle, and why we struggle. When we encounter difficulties and setbacks, when we are sweating and exhausted, we should say to ourselves: Hold on.

This paper is conceived in strict accordance with the idea of "what-why-how". At the beginning and end, it took care of the topic. In the second paragraph, it wrote what persistence is. In the third paragraph, it wrote why persistence is needed. In the fourth and fifth paragraphs, it wrote what persistence needs and what persistence should pay attention to, that is, how to do it. The whole article is clear-headed and hierarchical, so it is difficult to get high marks.

The purpose of providing students with these two ideas is to solve the problem of how to think, because quite a few students often don't know where to think of an essay question. These two ideas are widely used and quite practical, and general composition questions can be conceived and written with these two ideas. After a period of training, students feel that the effect is good, and most students can master one (especially the second).

Third, three modes. The three basic structural models provided by the author to students are summarized according to the classic argumentative essays of famous writers and the excellent compositions of college entrance examination in recent years, which are highly operable and proved to be effective in practice.

(a) the central argument plus arguments. This is a very typical argumentative structure model, which is adopted by many famous articles, such as Ideal Ladder, Talking about Diligence, Talking about Bones and so on. The following is the structural outline of Say's "diligence":

Central argument: "As the saying goes:' Nothing is difficult in the world. Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, said,' Hard-working people are hard-working.' Profound knowledge comes from diligence. "

Sub-argument 1: hard work produces results.

Sub-argument 2: Diligence makes wisdom.

This model is most suitable for fast writing in the college entrance examination room and the easiest to learn. Therefore, we regard it as the most important training. Pay attention to a few details when guiding. First of all, there must be arguments, not only central arguments, but also sub-arguments. The argument must be clearly expressed in one or a few sentences. Secondly, we should also pay attention to putting the argument in an appropriate and eye-catching position. The author puts forward the following requirements for students: the central argument is generally placed at the end of the first paragraph, and if the sentence is long, it can be put in a separate paragraph (the second paragraph); Sub-arguments are usually placed at the beginning of each paragraph. The refinement and expression of sub-arguments is the focus of guidance.

1, an argumentative essay should have at least two arguments, preferably three or four.

2. The language of sub-arguments should be concise and generally controlled within 15 words.

3, the structure of the argument sentence should be consistent, so that the middle paragraph constitutes a parallel or quasi-parallel paragraph. The above-mentioned standard text 1 and the argument in Qin Shuo are both subject-predicate structures.

4. The statement of sub-arguments should be as close as possible to the key words of the topic to ensure that every paragraph is deducted. The 1 sign quoted above is a good example.

5. Several sub-arguments try to focus on the three questions of "what", "why" and "how", and focus on solving one of them. For example, in the standard 1 quoted above, its two sub-arguments mainly solve the problem of "what" and say that "diligence" mainly solves the problem of "why", so as to ensure that the content is relatively concentrated.

(2) Wonderful "three-thirds system" style. "Three" is a wonderful number in literary works. There are countless such examples, such as Three Photographs of Home Village, Three Borrowing Banana Fans, Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, Sanyu, and Three Visits to Caotang. A short essay Zou Ji satirizes coachable, the king of Qi, can actually dig out six or seven "threes". Generally speaking, "two" is too detailed, "four" is too verbose, and "three" is just right, so it can have a solid and heavy feeling when used in discussion. Many successful argumentative essays are "three-thirds system". What is the "three-thirds system"? The "three-thirds system" summarized by the author is: the first three sentences put forward arguments, the main three paragraphs are the center of the argument, and three examples are used as arguments. Of course, the so-called "three-thirds system" is only a basic model and a basic requirement. For example, the main part, the basic requirements are at least three paragraphs, at least three examples. In the process of writing, students can make appropriate adjustments according to the actual situation, and the main body can be four paragraphs or even five or six paragraphs; Examples can be five, six or more, or three per paragraph. This can ensure the sufficiency and richness of arguments. Please refer to the following contents (National Volume 2002):

Selected

It seems that we have to make choices every day. Choice is everywhere, all the time, and choosing the right path will affect people's life. Therefore, we must learn the choice of mentality.

We should choose the truth. Remember the story of Bruno's martyrdom? Bruno was a famous materialist in16th century. He expounded and defended Heliocentrism of Copernicus, and proposed that the universe is infinite in time and space. His persistence aroused strong dissatisfaction of the church at that time, and Bruno resolutely chose the truth in his personal life and his persistence in the truth. /kloc-in 0/600, Bruno was burned to death by religious figures in Rome Flower Square. Although Bruno died gloriously, sober people deeply know that his choice is correct. He made materialism respected and inherited in later generations and made contributions to scientific truth.

We should choose the national interest. In the face of national and personal interests, Liu Hulan and Qiu persevered, sacrificed their lives for their country and made contributions to the liberation of new China. Luxun, a famous modern writer, decided to give up medicine and devote himself to literature in order to awaken those insensitive people in China. He knows that it is not enough to heal the patient's body, but mental patients are equally important. Lu Xun wrote Diary of a Madman, Medicine, Kong Yiji and other works, which exposed the cannibalism system in China feudal society, awakened millions of people and laid a solid foundation for the victory of new democracy. Lu Xun chose national interests and abandoned personal hobbies, but his choice was undoubtedly correct.

We should choose a bright future. I remember a champion of the college entrance examination said: "In my reading career, I abandoned the ordinary and chose to study;" Give up many games and choose to study; I gave up complacency and chose modesty. My success is achieved by choice! "We really have to make the right choice for our future. Today, when science and technology are quite developed, it is the competition for talents, which requires us to set up lofty ideals, study scientific and cultural knowledge hard, resist all kinds of temptations, constantly practice ourselves, enrich ourselves, improve ourselves and strive for our bright future.

Choice is so important that we should learn to choose our own heart, abandon things that hinder our development, keep a clear head, make the right choice and move towards a brilliant tomorrow.

This excellent college entrance examination composition is a typical "three-thirds system" style, which gives people a clear and detailed analysis, enables the reviewers to master the author's writing ideas and thinking process in a short time, and at the same time gives people the feeling of heavy content and sufficient arguments. It's definitely a masterpiece of high scores.

(3) Six-level integrated type.

The first paragraph: make clear the meaning at the beginning and put forward the argument. Or quote, or metaphor, or parallelism, or comparison, in short, three sentences go straight to the point, and avoid mystifying, winding and dragging.

The second paragraph: detailed case analysis, combining narration with discussion. Facts speak louder than words, and a good factual argument can often prove the argument forcefully. It is not easy to write detailed examples. Many students forget the genre characteristics of argumentative essays, and their descriptions are too detailed and should be avoided as much as possible. When the author instructs, let the students learn the sandwich structure, that is, the beginning and end are discussion and evaluation words, and the middle is a highly summarized narrative (generally no more than 120 words).

The third paragraph: compare the examples slightly to form momentum. If a detailed example is the outline of a point, then a simple example is the extension of a surface. The combination of point and surface can form a three-dimensional sense, with three or four examples as the best. If we can form a pattern of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, it will be more comprehensive and representative.

The fourth paragraph: positive and negative contrast, highlighting the center. That is to say, on the basis of the above detailed analysis and brief comparison, we can cut in from the opposite side, combine the positive and negative, and have a clear contrast, thus highlighting the center more.

The fifth paragraph: dialectical analysis and comprehensive demonstration. Any theory is just a hypothesis, and the absolute conclusion is prone to deviation, so dialectical analysis can make the argument more rigorous and comprehensive.

The sixth paragraph: link with reality and sublimate the theme. This paragraph is to highlight the practical pertinence of the article, connect with reality, solve problems, and further sublimate the theme.

This mode is easy to master and operate, which is very suitable for composition in examination room. Because its advantages are obvious: clear thinking and strict logic; Six-step mode, interlocking, in one go, no suspicion of procrastination, so that the marking teacher can see at a glance; The argument is substantial and the argument is sufficient, which effectively overcomes the defect of empty content in argumentative writing.

Let's take a look at the structure of the excellent composition "Get out of the old box and break through the forces of habit" (national volume 1988):

The first paragraph, tracing back to the source, leads to habits: a thousand years of history, focusing on habits.

In the second paragraph, we will give an example for the first time. Habits are changeable: people are used to disco.

In the third paragraph, three examples are cited to emphasize its harm: Edison, Wang Zhao and the ape-man.

The fourth paragraph, dialectical analysis, points out the harm: lack of innovation, always backward.

The fifth paragraph, break the habit? Be content with the status quo? Positive and negative contrast, sound the alarm.

The sixth paragraph, linking with reality, is habitual; Call for breakthrough and renew potential.

This article is defined as "Gan Kun" in six paragraphs, with clear thinking, distinct levels, sufficient and reasonable arguments, analysis and argumentation, which overcomes the common fault of "viewpoint+case = discussion" in argumentative writing and is worth learning.

There are many structural models of argumentative writing, each of which needs to be studied and mastered, which is definitely impossible for senior three students. Never let students practice everything, or they may not practice anything well. The above three models are applicable to almost any composition topic. So in the preparation stage, we ask students to practice these two or three kinds repeatedly, and practice makes perfect. After one year, most students will be familiar with these structural models and will be comfortable in the examination room.

All you have to do is set the pattern ~ it's very simple