The production of jade also originated from the Neolithic Age, and the written records can be found in Shan Hai Jing. Shan Hai Jing Zhong Shan Jing records that "the mountain with few rooms is rich in jade and iron", "the mountain with many beautiful jade" and "the mountain with big feet is rich in iron, beautiful jade and green chalk".
The discovery of metal minerals also originated in the Neolithic Age. The above Taishi, Shao Shi and Dagongshan are located in Dengfeng County and Mixian County respectively. "Shan Hai Jing Zhongshan Jing" also said: "The mountain of Huayang has more gold and jade in its yang and more copper on it." "There is more jade on the handle mountain and more copper below." Although the positions of these two mountains are different, they are generally south of the Yellow River and west of Zhengzhou, so there is no problem. Some of the mountains mentioned in the Classic of Sun Yat-sen are generally considered as famous mountains in Henan, such as "Kuafu Mountain (southwest of Lingbao), which is rich in jade and iron." "Changxuan Mountain (south of Sanmenxia) is full of jade" and so on.
Sima Qian said in Historical Records: "The bronze of the first mountain of the Yellow Emperor was cast under Jingshan Mountain." In time, it can be said that it also belongs to the Neolithic Age, and this Jingshan is located in Ganxiang County (now Lingbao). In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the records of metal development and utilization became clearer. For example, Guanzi said: "Chu has the gold of Ruhan", which may mean that Rushui has placer gold. In the Warring States Policy Hanyi, "Su Qin is called the King of Korea" has "the halberd of the Han pawn, all from Mingshan, Tang Tang, Yang Mo, Jingjing, Feng Wan, Long Yuan and Taiya." Literally, from the famous mountains to Tai 'a, iron and weapons should be cast, and later some of them became the names of swords, such as Longyuan and Tai 'a, which are all in the west of Xiping County, that is, Wugang area.
At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Kong's family emerged in Nanyang. Their ancestor was wei ren, who made drums for a living, and later moved to Nanyang, which was a matter of the Qin Dynasty. In the Western Han Dynasty, iron officials were set up in Mianchi, Longlou, Henan, Yangcheng, Xiping, Wan and Wu 'an counties. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were iron mines in Yinmi (now east of Mixian County), Lv Lin, Yangcheng and Wu 'an.
Judging from the development and utilization of copper mines, the bronzes (such as Simu Wuding) and gold ornaments in the shape of Er unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang represent the highest achievements of the Bronze Age.
According to historical records, Tongqinggu, Weichigu, Luanzhangshan copper mine in hongnong county (now Lingbao North) and Wuwangshan copper mine in Hanoi County (now Biyang) were mined in Xiping period of Northern Wei Dynasty (5 17 AD). The iron produced in Xiangzhou (now Anyang) was top grade at that time.
Geography of Sui Shu records that there are metallurgical officials in Xin 'an, Xingtai (now southwest of Yiyang), Nanxiang (now east of Xichuan), Graphite Mountain (Carboniferous), Geyang (now west of Guangshan County) and Xishan.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were silver smelting and copper smelting in Shaanxi County, Henan Province. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (AD 737), Yiyang (now Songxian County) levied taxes on silver and tin in Wuyishan. "Yuanhe County Records" said: "The silver mine cave in Yiyang County is located five miles south of the county seat. Current (Yuanhe period, AD 806-8 19) annual tax 1200 yuan. Silver-producing counties also include Changshui (now Luoning West) and Lushan. The copper-producing counties are Yiyang and Nanyang. Iron-producing counties include Zhuyang (now Lingbao West) in Zhouzhou, Wuyang in Xuzhou, Yexian in Xiangzhou, Lv Lin (now Linxian) and Shexian in Luzhou. Tin-producing counties include Changshui, Yiyang and Wu 'an. The land where gold is produced is Yishui. "
The management institutions of metal mineral areas in Song Dynasty were divided into four levels: supervision, metallurgy, field and administration. Among them, Xiangzhou Iron Supervision Bureau is one of the four major supervisors in China, with smelters in Henan (now Luoyang) and Zhouguo (now Lingbao) and affairs in Shaanxi. Later, in the eighth year of Xining (AD 1075), he set up an iron prison in Heqing County (now Jin Meng). Tin has a smelting state, and Henan (now Luoyang) has a field; Silver is smelted in Zhou State. In October of the first year of Xuanhe (A.D.119), he was re-appointed as the village supervisor of Cecilia Yip, Anyang County, Xiangzhou.
Luoshan county Silver Field was developed in Yuan Dynasty, and other silver-producing areas were Huaizhou (now Qinyang), Mengzhou (now Mengxian), Bianliang (now Kaifeng) and Runing (now Runan). It seems that Kaifeng and Runing may only be smelting and do not own silver mines.
In the Ming Dynasty, the mineral development in Henan Province made great progress on the basis of predecessors. According to Tong Mingzhi and reading historical records, the development and utilization fields of metals and other minerals are as follows:
Baiyin: Song County, Lushi;
Copper: Biyang, Zhenping;
Iron: Yuzhou, Shexian, Jiyuan, Gongxian, Yiyang, Dengfeng, Xin 'an, Nanzhao, Nanyang, Neixiang and Ruzhou;
Tin: Wu 'an, Qixian, Songxian, Yong 'an (Luoning), Lingbao and Yuzhou (now Fangcheng);
Magnet: Wu 'an;
Natural copper: Shexian county;
Shilu: Jiyuan;
Lu Qing: Lu;
Shi Qing: Nanyang.
The development and utilization of mineral resources in Qing dynasty generally followed the old mines in Ming dynasty, but there were also successes and failures. For example, Linyi and Tangyin are added to the iron-producing areas; Tin added Lingbao and Lushi. Lead and black lead came from Songxian County, which was not clearly recorded before the Ming Dynasty.
In terms of non-metallic minerals, jade and coal are big heads.
As for the origin of jade, in addition to the above description in Shan Hai Jing, it was mentioned in Dunan Fu written by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty that the "treasures" in Nanyang and its neighboring areas are "jade, luminous pearl, copper, tin, lead and ochre". Green, blue and purple, green and chestnut, and the rest of the grain. China topaz. " Among them, "Yupu" and "Jade" have no specific source. According to the notes, Yupu refers to the jade of harmony. "Jade" originated in Xiangxiang County, located in the northeast of Zaoyang County, Hubei Province in the Han Dynasty, and later belonged to Nanyang. However, there are many origins of jade or precious jade mentioned in historical books of Henan Province. For example, Geography of the New Tang Dynasty says that there is a precious jade pit in Cai Zhou (now Runan), which is a tribute jade in the New Year. "Yuanhe County Records" said: The gem pit in Xinxi County is located in the southeast of Gu Xi City, and the jade color is white, which is worthy of being an artifact. It was adopted by officials in the Sui Dynasty, and was also ordered to be adopted in Zhenguan. Cai Zhou still thinks that the Lord is the first. Song's Taiping Universe said: Yucheng County is beautiful with jingshan stone and jade. So it's named after this. ""Jingshan, Guizhou, Yangzhai. "Luoyang Ji" says: "Jade comes out of Jingshan, and Emperor Wu of Qi collects jade here. The jade pit of Xinxi County is ten miles southwest of the county seat. There are jadeite original stones in Cangshan Xicang Valley, Jixian County, Weizhou. "Gwangju is famous for its natural jade." Ming Shi Lu said: "Jingshan Mountain in Yuzhou (now Yuxian) is fifty miles northwest of Yuzhou, where Emperor Wu of Qi picked jade, and Ludi Mountain in Yiyang County is covered with many beautiful jade. "It is also mentioned that Cangshan and Guangshan in Jixian County produce jade. It is also mentioned in the history book Yu Fang Yao Ji that the gemstones unearthed in the gemstone pit in Xixian County were collected by officials of Sui Dynasty and not found in Huaihe River in the early Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, the Huaihe River moved eastward, and the pit returned to jade. The Huaihe River has not been discovered so far (early Qing Dynasty). According to Shan Hai Jing, it is mentioned in the Great Unity and Qing Zhi that beautiful jade is produced in Dagu Mountain in Yuzhou. It's five miles east of Mi County. It also talked about the jadeite and precious stones in Cangyushan, Jixian County, Weihui area. Henan Tongzhi (19 14 edition) said: Lishan in Song County is rich in jade, while Xixian in Gwangju County is a precious jade from Pushan.
The development and utilization of coal in Henan can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty. Historical Records of the Concubine Family records Dou Taihou's younger brother, "Dou Guangguo was four or five years old and came from a poor family. He was plundered and sold by others and resold more than ten families to Yiyang to make charcoal for his master. " "The Biography of the Party in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Xia's father went into the mountains and kissed cigarettes and charcoal." According to the textual research of Carboniferous articles in Zhang's Shiya, it is considered that Yiyang and (now Linxian) both produce Carboniferous. So, the two went into the mountains to make charcoal, that is, quarrying stones and burning charcoal. It shows that these two places have already mined coal in the Han Dynasty. According to archaeological findings, 1958, a large number of coal cakes, cinders and coal blocks were unearthed at Tieshenggou iron smelting site in Gongxian County, Henan Province. 1975, a large number of coal cakes were also found in the iron smelting site of Han Dynasty in Guxing Town, Zhengzhou. It also shows that coal was used to make iron in Han Dynasty.
However, coal was widely used in people's lives after the Tang Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, many officials sold Carboniferous fields in Kaifeng, the capital of Beijing. At that time, "there were millions of people in the border, and there were no wage earners" (see Song Zhuang's "Chicken Ribs"). According to archaeological findings, there are many ancient mines and tunnels in the Tang Dynasty coal mining site in Yuecun Township, Mi County. The ancient tunnel of Hebi Northern Song Dynasty coal mining site has reached more than 500 meters, which may be the supply mine of Carboniferous in the capital at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, there were Yiyang, Luoyang, Yanshi, Gongxian, Dengfeng, Yongning, Xin 'an, Mianchi, Songxian, Shanzhou, Lushan, Lushi, Lingbao and Ganxiang, and in the Qing Dynasty, there were Qinyang, Hanoi, Jiyuan and Mixian.
In ancient times, there were 1 1 kinds of minerals developed and utilized in Henan, such as clay, kaolin, coal, iron, limestone, refractory clay, gold, silver, copper, lead, jade, etc., and a small amount of crystals, agates, inkstones, talc and marble were also developed. There are ancient documents and mine remains, which are still important mining areas in Henan Province:
Coal: Yiyang, Hebi, Mixian, Luoyang, Yanshi, Gongyi, Jin Meng, Dengfeng, Xin 'an, Mianchi, Sanmenxia, Ruzhou and Lushan.
Iron: wugang city, Anyang and Linxian.
Jin: Lingbao, Songxian, Tongbai, Luoning and other places.
Silver: There are Tongbai and Lingbao.
Copper: Jiyuan, Zhenping.
Lead: Lushi, Lingbao, Ruyang and other places.
Clay: Yuzhou, Ruzhou, Baofeng, Jiaozuo, Hebi, Xingyang and other places.
Jade: Nanyang, Mixian and Ruyang.
Inkstone: Jiyuan.