During his short reign 12, he successfully established an empire from Albania to Pakistan.

As far as we know, as a terrible general, we still don't know the exact cause of his premature and accidental death.

He didn't die in battle, which may be considered as a proper and glorious ending for such a conqueror.

He fell ill at a celebration party and died of an unknown disease.

People tried to diagnose his illness in 2000 after his death. The diagnosis showed that typhoid fever or malaria met the symptoms, but most of them were found to be lacking.

A few years ago, a group of toxicologists from New Zealand and Britain conducted a very different study on the possible causes of death, which seemed to be cost-effective.

Alexander Alexander III of Macedonia was born in Pella in 356 BC and was educated by Aristotle until he was 16 years old.

After his father Philip II, he became the king of Macedonia, an ancient kingdom on the northern edge of ancient Greece.

The kingdom of Macedonia became strong under the rule of Philip II and continued to prosper under the rule of Alexander.

At the age of 30, Alexander established a kingdom extending from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He is regarded as one of the most successful commanders in history. He conquered the whole Persian empire, and his ambition even drove him to invade India in 326 BC.

The invasion failed, and he finally gave up the invasion of the west.

He founded about 20 cities named after him, including Alexandria in ancient Egypt, and spread Greek culture to the East, bringing back some oriental cultures.

It was when the plan to invade * * * was about to be implemented that he fell ill and died in 12 days of resistance.

According to historical records, Alexander was holding a commemorative banquet to commemorate the death of a close friend.

Halfway through the carnival, he suddenly felt a sharp pain, fainted and was taken to the bedroom, where, after several days of pain, high fever, convulsions and delirium, he fell into a coma and died, and Alexander was lying in the hospital bed.

Stories from Greece: Tell boys and girls (19 1-? ) led by Mary McGregor (public domain) by Leo J.

The team led by Dr. Schep analyzed the exact symptoms observed before death.

His initial body system was described as fidgeting, trembling, stiff neck and severe stomachache.

Then, he fainted to the ground and felt severe and extreme pain wherever he met.

He experienced intense thirst, fever and insanity. He experienced convulsions and hallucinations all night, followed by a period of calm.

At the last stage, he was silent, although he could still move his head and arms.

Finally, he had difficulty breathing and died.

According to these indirect information, some people put forward the theory of the cause of death, which has been more than two thousand years now, Alexander the Great, on his deathbed.

(Photo: Gophoto) About his death, the four most popular sayings are: malaria, typhoid fever, alcoholism, or intentional poisoning by opponents, and three of them may be discounted.

Will he really be bitten to death by mosquitoes? Malaria is spread by mosquitoes living in jungles and tropical areas, but it will not spread in desert areas like central Iraq where Alexander died.

Typhoid is spread by bacteria that pollute food or water, causing widespread infection and even epidemic, not just individual cases.

When Alexander died, there was no record of an outbreak of this disease in Babylon.

The main effect of alcoholism is continuous vomiting, but historical data did not mention that vomiting or even nausea was one of Alexander's symptoms.

/kloc-Alexander poisoning described in the romance of the 0/5th century is the history of the Alexander War.

The queen of Alexander A was at the dinner table. After being poisoned, she was at the front again with a feather in her throat. In 323 BC (the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s territory), what can defeat this man who experienced hardships, fighting and poverty in the 12 Asian election campaign? There is no sign of weakness.

According to historical records, although Alexander's body was kept in a hot and humid place, there was no sign of decay within six days after his death.

Is the human body protected by lethal doses of toxic substances? If so, it means that Alexander the Great was poisoned.

This is where Dr. Shep and the toxicologist get involved.

If Alexander was poisoned, what was the lethal ingredient? After extensive research projects, Dr. Leo Shep of the National Poison Center of New Zealand believes that if poison is the cause of death, it is very likely that Alexander died after drinking the poisoned wine of a seemingly harmless plant, which will be extremely fatal after fermentation. WHO has studied the toxicological evidence of 10, studied the potentially fatal toxins and their effects, and considered that the early toxicological theories such as arsenic and strychnine were not credible.

Death comes too soon, not more than 12 days recorded.

Other poisons, such as hemlock, aconite, wormwood, scopolamine and autumn crocus, are also inconsistent with Alexander's situation.

Dr. Shep's research was written by Dr. Pat whitley, a classic expert from the University of Otago, and published in the medical journal Clinical Toxicology.

The possible culprit is veratrum nigrum, which is called resveratrol.

This white-flowered plant is a well-known herb, but it can also be fermented into a poisonous wine.

Illustrated Vilat Rum (Otto William Tom-Flora von Druzland, Oest Reich de Schweitz 1885) (public domain), Dr. Shep's theory is whether Vilat rum album can be fermented into wine and sent to Alexander, who is a dedicated drinker.

It will taste "bitter", but it will easily become sweet-drunk Alexander is unlikely to notice because he drinks this.

The symptoms caused by eating this plant are very consistent with what Alexander experienced 12 days before his death, but this does not prove that one or more unidentified people in Alexander's entourage conspired against him and cast poison that led to his long-term painful death. However, if this is indeed a murder case, it does give us the most feasible assassination method.

This proves that poisoning can explain the symptoms.

Recorded people accidentally poisoned themselves with veratrum toxin, and their symptoms matched those of Alexander in many ways.

20 10 published a paper in Clinical Toxicology. About four of them are in Central Europe. They thought they were eating wild garlic.

About 30 minutes later, they vomited in pain, partially blind and unconscious.

In fact, they have eaten veratrum.

There are two obvious differences in Alexander's situation.

All four people on record vomited and went on living.

Alexander was not recorded as vomiting and died.

If he ingests poison, it may be because his natural defensive reflex against gastric endotoxin failed, which may be because he reported a tendency to drink too much.

Since there is no corpse to examine the toxin, this theory cannot be proved, but this study seems reasonable.

Surrounded by mourners, he dictated his will (in the public domain) to a notary and an unknown Flemish artist. The author is April Holloway, a partner, editor and writer with an ancient history.

For privacy reasons, she once wrote The Origin of Ancient Times under the pseudonym April Holloway, but now she chooses to use her real name Joanna Gillan.

Joanna. Read Mor.