The first chapter is an overview of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

I. General situation of society

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an era of social turmoil and chaos, with separatist regimes, constant wars and frequent dynasty changes. The outstanding performance of its political rule is that the gentry monopolizes the political power and the poor civilians are greatly suppressed. In the field of ideology and culture, it is: 1. The orthodox position of traditional Confucianism began to shake and suffered unprecedented impact. Confucian classics is no longer the only pursuit of scholars' ideological and academic research, but its influence still exists. 2. The widespread popularity of metaphysics with Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi as the main body has greatly changed scholars' academic thoughts, personality behaviors and values. As Qian Mu's "Introduction to Chinese Studies" said: "The academic thought of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties for 300 years can also be summarized in one sentence, saying: the awakening of individual self is already." The consciousness of literature is based on human consciousness. 3. Buddhism is also widely spread, and gradually exchanges and integrates with Confucianism and Taoism, and gradually becomes localized. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism had a light or heavy influence on the literary concepts and literary forms of this era.

Second, literature review

1. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an era of literary consciousness in the history of China literature. The prominent symbol of literary consciousness is:

(1) The diversification of academic thoughts and the popularity of metaphysics with Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi as the main body have brought about the liberation of literati's thoughts and the consciousness of individual personality spirit, which has made literature get rid of the vassal status of Confucian classics and move towards a broad world. The natural orientation of Taoist philosophy and the spirit of personality freedom are the most basic ideological sources of literary consciousness.

(2) The literariness of literary creation. In the creative mentality of literature, the political tendency of literature and the utilitarian purpose of society are weakened, and the ontology of literature and the aesthetic tendency of literature are strengthened. Literary creation tends to be personalized and diversified in style. Therefore, the literature of this period, whether it is subject matter, content, style or form, presents colorful characteristics.

(3) The most obvious sign of literary consciousness is the consciousness of literary theory. Theoretical consciousness is produced on the basis of human consciousness and creative prosperity. During this period, many literary theories and literary criticism works appeared, which was the product of this theory consciousness. He has made outstanding achievements in literary ontology, creation theory, genre theory, style theory and many other aspects, which has promoted the consciousness and prosperity of literary creation.

2. The literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has made great achievements in many fields, such as poetry, prose, ci and fu, novels, literary theory and so on. Inheritance, change and innovation make the literary world full of vitality.

(1) Poetry made the most brilliant achievements in this period, which was the first bumper harvest of literary creation in the history of China's poetry. The creation of five-character ancient poems reached its peak, and four-character poems also had different voices. The emergence and development of seven-character poems. From the ancient Yuefu to the new style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, many writers, different schools and styles have formed a colorful world of poetry art.

A group of writers, represented by Sancao and Qizi, played a generous and sad movement of the times. Cao Cao writes current affairs with Yuefu ancient poems, and the four-character poems are unique, generous and sad, and full of charm. Cao Pi has "literary spirit" and "graceful and restrained" (Shen Deqian's Ancient Poetry Source), and seven-character poems are the first. Cao Zhi was the first poet who devoted himself to the creation of five-character poems, and he was also the most outstanding poet in Jian 'an poetry circle. He "has a very high character, adopts the words of Hua Mao, and has both elegance and resentment" (Zhong Rong's poem). The seven sons rushed to the poetic world, and it was only when they succeeded that the five-character poem reached its climax.

Zhengshi poetry is represented by Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, among the seven sages of bamboo forest. Zhengshi poetry changed Jian 'an poetry into expressing people's worries and political ideals, personal worries and resentment, and changed Jian 'an's generosity, sadness, freshness and vigor into an obscure and far-reaching style. Ruan Ji's love poems and Ji Kang's mourning poems reflect the characteristics of poetry in this period.

Poetry in the Western Jin Dynasty flourished in Taikang area. "San Zhang, Er Lu, Er Pan and Yi Zuo" are outstanding poets in this period. The poems of Lu Ji and Pan Yue represent the mainstream style of poetry in the Western Jin Dynasty. They pay attention to form, tend to be parallel prose, describe delicately and richly, and use flowery words. Zuo Si sang a cynical voice with the dissatisfaction of a poor scholar, forming a unique "Zuo Si style". At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Liu Kun's heroic elegy in the last days and Guo Pu's ode to immortals can also form their own styles.

Metaphysical poetry prevailed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Xu Xun and Sun Chuo are representatives of metaphysical poems, and their poems are all "all-oriented morality" (poems). Xie Hun and Yin Zhongwen began to dabble in scenery, but they changed their wording slightly. Only the great poet Tao Yuanming, with his plain and natural poetic style, washed away the breath of metaphysical words and created pastoral poetry, making the creation of five words unique.

Poetry in the Northern and Southern Dynasties "Zhuang Lao excused himself, and mountains and rivers were graceful and restrained" ("Wen Xin Diao Long? Ming poetry), Yuanjia poetry is as famous as "Xie Yan", and Xie Shiru is the first hibiscus, which is naturally lovely; If Yan's poems are embroidered, they will be full of carvings. Xie Lingyun initiated the genre of landscape poetry, and Yan Yanzhi initiated the habit of carving. Bao Zhao's poems inherited the style of Han and Wei Dynasties, which were handsome, bold and unrestrained, fantastic and sharp, especially good at Yuefu poems, and made the creation of seven-character songs reach a new height. Yan, Xie and Bao are called "Yuanjia Sanjie". "In Qi Liang, the poetic style gradually changed, forming a timeless style. Zhou Qing discovered four tones, Shen Yue founded the theory of "four tones and eight diseases", and Yongming poets began to use meter. The representative writers of Yongming style poetry are "Eight Friends of Jingling", among which Shen Yue and Xie Tiao have the highest achievements. On the basis of the clear sounds of mountains and rivers, Xie Tiao writes tactfully and naturally, fresh and beautiful. Yongming style laid the foundation for the prosperity of regular poetry in Tang Dynasty. Liang Chengong's style poems write boudoir in Yongming new style and express eroticism. Under the advocacy of Emperor Wen and Xiao Gang, a large number of court poets, such as Yu Xin and his son, Xu Ling and his son, Liu Xiaozhuo, echoed in succession, followed by Chen and others. There was soft music in the poetry circle for a while. However, they pay attention to words, melody, antithetical writing methods and novel and unique romantic ideas, which also have certain significance in the history of poetry. There were "three northern talents" in the Northern Dynasties, and Wen Zi's promotion, Xing Shao and Wei Shou were also famous for a while. Yu Xin and Wang Baobei later changed the palace, and Lingyun started writing, which was desolate and desolate.

Folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties have different styles. Nanqu is gentle and charming, while Beiqu is simple and vigorous. There is "Xizhou Song" in the south and "Mulan Poetry" in the north, which reflect each other and represent the highest achievement of folk songs in the north and south. A song "Song of Chile" has also become a swan song that has been passed down through the ages.

2. The creation of Ci and Fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is not as magnificent as that of Han Fu, which dominates the literary world, but the narrative, eulogy and lyrical fu are different, and famous works are created all the time. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, RoyceWong's Fu on the Loutai, Cao Zhi's Fu on Luoshen, Xiang Embroidery's Fu on Resignation, Pan Yue's Fu on Leisure, and Tao Yuanming's Fu on Going Back to Xi are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. At this time, the aftermath of imitating Han Dafu still exists, and Zuo Si, Xie Lingyun and others all have their own articles. However, Zuo Si's "Sandu Fu" caused a sensation of "Luoyang paper is expensive". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Bao Zhao's Wu Cheng Fu, Xie Huilian's Ode to Snow, Yu Xin's Jiangnan Fu and Jiang Yan's Bie Fu were also excellent works.

3. Prose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties reached a broader realm in form and subject matter. Various styles, such as political essays, historical biographies, travel notes, letters, chapters and tables, chronicles, etc. , widely describe all kinds of subjects in life, or talk about metaphysics, or tell stories, or write mountains and rivers, or express one's feelings. But the general trend is parallel prose, and finally a representative parallel prose style is introduced.

Prose in the Three Kingdoms period is characterized by freedom of form. Cao Cao's letters make the language concise and clear. Cao Pi's and Cao Zhi's calligraphy prose is beautiful, smooth, colorful and meaningful. In Seven Sons, Kong Rong is spirited, Ruan Yu's secretary is graceful, and Chen Linzhang is extremely healthy and has his own style. Zhuge Liang's model is simple, profound and touching. Ruan Ji's Biography of Mr. Adult is pungent and humorous, with a unique style. Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan" is full of irony.

During the Jin Dynasty, parallel prose was scattered and scattered. Shi Mi's Chen Qingbiao is full of affection, while Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms is concise and neat. Lu Ji and Pan are still husband and wife, and their words are flying all over the sky. Ge Hong's Bao Puzi has a grand argument. Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion is full of quiet and mysterious thoughts, which fascinates people with childlike interest and high feelings. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden depicts a "Xanadu" with a light pen and light ink.

Prose in the southern and northern dynasties is characterized by the widespread popularity of parallel prose in the southern dynasties, which spreads to various styles and pursues the formal beauty of parallel prose dialogue, rhetoric and melody. , make the prose art rise to the palace of pure art, leaving many pleasing masterpieces. For example, Bao Zhao's "Climbing the Thunder Shore and My Sister's Book", Qiu Chi's "The Book with Zhu", Kong Zhijue's "Moving to the North Mountain" and Tao Hongjing's "Thank You Letter" are all well-known chapters. Prose in the Northern Dynasties is also influenced by parallel prose, but there are also some famous prose works like Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics and Yang Xuanzhi's Biography of Luoyang Galand, which are also excellent works of writing things, scenery and lyric, with smooth parallel prose and writing style and fresh and beautiful style.

4. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the period of formation and development of China's ancient novels. There are many works with complicated contents, which can be roughly divided into two categories: ambition and ambition. Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in Song Dynasty is the representative of the novel of Zhi Ren, and Gan Bao's Search for the Gods in Eastern Jin Dynasty is the representative of the novel of Zhi Guai. Whether it is the essence or the dross, it shows people profound cultural implications that official history can't give.

5. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called the era of literary consciousness, and its notable symbol is the prosperity of literary theory and criticism. Since the end of Han Dynasty, people's evaluation and the prosperity of literary creation have formed the atmosphere of poetry evaluation, and many excellent literary theory monographs have appeared. Cao Pi's classic theory? This paper initiated criticism, followed by Lu Ji's Wen Fu, while Zhong Rong's Shi Pin and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long were two peaks in the history of criticism. In addition, Zhi Yu's Essays on Parting, Xiao Tong's Preface to Selected Works, and Yan Zhitui's Yan Jiaxun? Articles and articles also have their own opinions, which undoubtedly promotes the consciousness and progress of literature.