Students and apprentices are students who have passed the entrance examinations of imperial academy (Guozixue, Hong Wen Pavilion and Chongwen Pavilion) and other academic libraries. Township tribute is a person who passed the government examination and the state examination, also known as juren; The first name in the exam is Xie Yuan. Passing the provincial imperial examination in Shangshu Province is called Jinshi Ji, the first place is called the champion, and the rest are divided into He Yimao.
In addition to the annual general examination, there is also a temporary and irregular imperial examination presided over by the emperor himself, which is called imperial examination. At this time, there is still a certain shadow of the imperial examination system. When examiners mark papers, the word-of-mouth of candidates is often one of the considerations. The original intention of doing this is the same as the investigation, hoping to take into account the performance of talents outside the testing ground.
But at the same time, it will inevitably lead to unfairness and the interest relationship between scholars and examiners. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the bureaucracy was corrupt and its disadvantages were even worse. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, more and more people from poor backgrounds were admitted to the Imperial Examination, and two bureaucratic factions were formed with those who were admitted to the Imperial Examination, which was called "the dispute between Niu and Li" in history.
When Wu Zetian was in power, he initiated a court examination, presided over by the emperor, to examine the qualifications of Jinshi. And the military imperial examination of Kao generals. However, the two did not become written laws in the Tang Dynasty.
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brief introduction
Imperial examination is a system of selecting officials through examinations, which originated in China and spread to other countries in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. It was an important political system in ancient China, which had a great influence on the society and culture of China, and directly gave birth to the "scholar-officials" class, regardless of family background. In addition to China's imperial examination, Asian countries adjacent to China, such as Viet Nam, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, also introduced this system to select talents.
The imperial examination began in the Sui Dynasty in 605, developed in the Tang Dynasty and lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty. 1905 was abolished. Vietnam was abolished at the end of Ruan Dynasty 19 19, and the whole imperial examination lasted for more than 1300 years. The civil servant selection system in modern society also evolved indirectly from the imperial examination system.
Origin and maturity
The imperial examination system originated from the Sui Dynasty in China. Before the Qin Dynasty, China used the hereditary system to select scholars. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Emperor of Heaven and the vassals enfeoffed the world. Under Zhou's etiquette system, social classes are distinct. Managing the country is the responsibility of emperors, governors, ministers and scholars at all levels. And all walks of life are inherited by ethics and blood.
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the system began to disintegrate, so talents outside the system appeared, such as "Keqing" and "Diners", to serve the kings of various countries. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the Han Dynasty, which strengthened the centralization of the emperor. At that time, the procuratorial system was adopted, and local governments at all levels recommended folk talents with both ability and political integrity. Those elected by the state are called Jinshi, and those elected by the county are called dutiful sons.
The inspection system lacks objective selection criteria. Although there is a system of sitting together, there are selfish local officials and false referees in the later period.
During the Three Kingdoms period, when Wei Wendi was in China, Chen Qun established a nine-grade Zheng Zhi system, and the specific officials of the central government assessed the folk talents according to their origins and moral character, and divided them into nine-grade employment. This system was used in the Jin and Six Dynasties. It is an improvement of the procuratorial system, which changes the procuratorial power from local officials to officials appointed by the central government. However, this system is always based on the selection of talents by local officials.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the clan was powerful, which often affected the Zheng Zheng government's evaluation of officials' talents. Later, the standard was even limited to family background. So there was a phenomenon of "no poverty for the top grade, no home for the bottom grade". It not only blocked the talents of the people, but also allowed the clan to control the personnel of the court and affected the power of the emperor.
In the Sui Dynasty, in order to reform the nine-level Zheng Zhi system, Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered the states to recommend three people (who were appointed to the states at the age of three) to take the "Scholar" exam every year. In the first year of Daye (605), Yang Di established the Imperial Examination Department, which became the Imperial Examination. The Tang Dynasty inherited and developed this system. The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects.
Wu Zetian was the first court examination presided over by the emperor to examine the qualifications of Jinshi; And the martial arts exam (martial arts) of the military commander. However, the two did not become written laws in the Tang Dynasty.
The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty allowed civilians to obtain certificates freely, but it still left a certain shadow of the imperial examination system. For example, before the exam, scholars are popular to give their works to celebrities, hoping that celebrities can recommend them to examiners. It's called a scroll.
People with status and prestige in society publicly recommend candidates to officials who pay tribute to them, which is called "public recommendation", and the recommended candidates can be relaxed and comfortable. Except during the reign of Wu Zetian, there was no habit of affixing names (seals) in the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty.
When examiners mark papers, the word-of-mouth of candidates is often one of the considerations. The original intention of doing this is the same as the investigation, hoping to take into account the performance of talents outside the testing ground. But at the same time, it will inevitably lead to unfairness and the interest relationship between scholars and examiners. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the bureaucracy was corrupt and its disadvantages were even worse.
The Song Dynasty further improved the imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty, abolished the circulation of the public recommendation method, established the seal cutting system, and established a fairly complete system. The fairness of the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty was greatly improved, and many ministers' descendants failed to pass the imperial examination, so they could only serve as middle-and low-level officials, so there was also a saying that "wealth is not more than three generations".
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Imperial Examination System