2. For the first-level thesis, candidates will design their own topics and write them well in advance. Three written papers will be submitted when you receive the admission ticket, and the on-site papers will be notified separately within 2-4 weeks after the first two exams. In principle, the first-level thesis is defended in Jinan. The number of words in a first-level paper shall not be less than 5000 words.

3. The first-level reference topics are as follows, and you can draw up your own questions.

4. The abstract (or preface) should concisely summarize the main contents of the paper, generally no more than 300 words.

5. The main structure of the paper consists of four parts: argument, argument, demonstration and summary.