All idioms can be used to write argumentative essays. As for which idioms are commonly used, it depends on what kind of argumentative essays you often write and what kind of arguments you often use. Contradictory, cautious, unsurprising, necessary, disapproving and insurmountable.
Worse than some people, better than many people
Moral support comes from many meager support for unjust acts.
You don't know the taste if you're not in it.
It never rains but it pours.
Having sex
Nothing venture and nothing have
Low achievement