There are linguistics, modern Chinese, ancient Chinese, literature, China literature history, China linguistics history, computational linguistics, China history, Chinese dialect survey, logic, European and American linguistics, experimental phonetics, Chinese information processing, etc. Its significance is manifold. From a practical point of view, the high employment rate and rich employment benefits of linguistics majors are enough for quite a few people to live a relatively rich life. At the same time, the workers in the education front worked hard to eliminate a large part of social instability for the society. From the perspective of development, due to the strong atmosphere of China culture and the strong attraction of national spirit, it is obvious to all that the linguistics major has gradually improved and developed rapidly since its inception. It is precisely because of this influence that the Chinese language and literature major, especially the linguistics major in normal universities, will certainly create a broader development space for students in an increasingly diversified social environment.
The Evolution of China's Traditional Philosophical Wisdom
Laozi said that it is a world trend for saints to embrace one. As far as the overall individual "one" of Tao ontology is concerned. Laozi's Tao Te Ching and the Book of Changes both emphasize masculinity and femininity, but both of them have made a very clever exposition on the transformation of the corresponding surface:
Music is complete, waste is straight, depression is full, we are new, gain less, more is to confuse the world, the strong can not win.
Things are either profitable or profitable.
Nothing is dull, nothing is vicious, and it will never disappear.
Thai, tong also, things can't be finally tong, so whether it's ... stripping, stripping, things can't be exhausted, stripping the poor up and down, so it's complex. ...
Confucius: "Look at what it is, look at what it is, and look at what is safe for * * *. How can people be embarrassed? " (2) This is a method of combining the individual with the whole. But from the Analects of Confucius, his understanding of students is more based on comprehensive understanding and intuition. It is rare to see examples of his concrete analysis of students. Mencius' method is more characteristic of China's thinking: Who else is there? "Listening to his words and observing his eyes" requires the overall comprehension ability, and the reliability of his intuition varies with people's intelligence, experience and subjective mental state. The cleverest people make mistakes if they are jealous, prejudiced and arrogant. This method can often produce amazing results, but it is also easy to draw absurd conclusions.
Of course, judging a person really depends on his behavior. What I said above is based on words and eyes without a behavioral basis. But sometimes, behavior can't accurately judge people; Mencius' method has a wide range of applications. "Judge a person by his appearance, and lose a hair" is the result of not being good at using the overall intuition.
The most outstanding philosophical achievements of Mozi are epistemology and logic, and his contribution is incomparable to other philosophers in pre-Qin period. Mozi believes that people's sources of knowledge can be divided into three aspects, namely, listening, speaking and knowing relatives. He divided what he heard into hearsay and personal hearsay, but in Mozi's view, neither hearsay nor personal hearsay should be simply accepted, but must be digested and integrated to make it his own knowledge. Therefore, he stressed the need to "smell and get its meaning", that is, after listening and accepting, we should think and investigate on the basis of other people's knowledge, and then inherit and carry forward. Mozi's "knowledge" contains the meaning of reasoning and investigation, and refers to the knowledge obtained through reasoning. He particularly emphasized "knowing what it is but not knowing why", that is, unknown knowledge can be inferred from known knowledge. If the fire is known to be hot, it is inferred that all fires are hot; Compasses can draw circles, and it is inferred that all circles can be measured with compasses. It can be seen that Mozi's knowledge and learning are not passively and simply accepted, but contain a positive and enterprising spirit. In addition to listening and speaking knowledge, Mozi attached great importance to personal understanding, which is also a big difference between Mozi and other pre-Qin philosophers. Mozi's intimate knowledge is the knowledge he has gained through his own experience. He divided the intimate process into three steps: consideration, connection and understanding. "Trouble" is the state of people's cognitive ability to seek knowledge, that is, the beginning of the mind, interested in the mind and seeking something. But you may not get knowledge just by thinking. For example, if you look at a foreign object with your eyes open, you may not be able to identify the real image of the foreign object. Therefore, it is necessary to "receive" knowledge, so that sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body can contact with foreign objects and perceive the external nature and shape of foreign objects. However, the "received" knowledge is still very incomplete knowledge, and only superficial knowledge of things can be obtained. Some things, such as time, are not felt by the senses. Therefore, the knowledge acquired by human senses is still preliminary and incomplete, and it is necessary to integrate, sort out, analyze and infer the acquired knowledge in order to reach a "clear" knowledge realm. In a word, Mozi organically links the three aspects of knowledge sources and is unique in the field of epistemology. Mozi was also the founder of China's logic. He called logic "debate" and thought it was "Mohism with similarities and differences"
, clear right and wrong "thinking rule. In his view, people use thinking to understand reality and make judgments that are nothing more than "the same" or "different", "yes" or "no". To this end, we must first establish a rule to distinguish similarities and differences, right and wrong, and use this as a standard to measure and judge. If it is "yes", it is "no" if it is not. This judgment is "indispensable". People use thinking to understand things, and the judgment of the same thing is either "yes" or "no" There is no third possibility, it can't be both "yes" and "no", and it can't be both "yes" and "no" or both. In modern logical terms, this is law of excluded middle's law of harmony and non-contradiction. Based on this law of thinking, Mozi further established a series of thinking methods. He summed up the basic thinking method as "sketching the nature of all things and discussing the ratio of word groups." "Take the name as an example, express your thoughts in words and give reasons. Take by class, give by class "("small take "). That is to say, the purpose of thinking is to explore the inevitable connection between objective things, and to explore the form of reflecting this inevitable connection, expressed by "name" (concept), "word" (judgment) and "saying" (reasoning). "Take by class, give by class", which is equivalent to the analogy of modern logic, is an important reasoning method. In addition, Mozi also summed up a variety of reasoning methods, such as hypothesis, outspoken, choice of words, deduction, induction and so on. Therefore, Mozi's argument has formed an orderly and systematic system, which is unique in the ancient world.
Unlike Hui Shi, GongSunLong emphasized that "reality" is relative and changeable, while "name" is absolute and unchangeable. He got the idea of harmony with Plato or * * *, a very famous concept in western philosophy. There is an article on White Horse in his book Gongsun Zilong. Its main proposition is "white horse is not a horse". Gong Sunlong tried to prove this proposition through three arguments. The first point is: "the rider. So the shape of life is also; White, so life color is also. Lucky people are not lucky. Therefore, a white horse is not a horse. " If western logical terms are used, it can be said that this point emphasizes the different connotations of "horse", "white" and "white horse". The connotation of "horse" is animal, the connotation of "white" is color, and the connotation of "white horse" is related books.
The above review of the evolution of China's wisdom, as well as Confucius' rectification of his name and Xunzi, shows that the metaphors in "Encouraging Learning" are dexterous, diverse and freely used. Explain the point of view, demonstrate the truth, and some use positive metaphors ("the accumulation of soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; There are also some negative metaphors ("If you don't accumulate good deeds, you can't go to Wan Li Road;" If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't make rivers and seas "); Some metaphors are used alone, while others are used continuously. Some of the same kind are juxtaposed, and some are positive and negative; Some only use metaphors to imply truth, while others first use metaphors to lead to the truth to be said. In a word, there is no need to spread brocade and embroidery. Therefore, although this article has many metaphors, it does not feel stagnant and rigid. On the contrary, with the constant transformation and full development of metaphor, neat and changeable sentence patterns are formed, which makes the article look patchy and full of vitality.