1. Introduction to the history of computer development: With the development of production and social progress, the computing tools used by human beings have changed from simple to complex, from low to advanced, and computing tools have appeared one after another, such as abacus, slide rule, hand-cranked mechanical computer, electric mechanical computer and so on. 1946, the world's first electronic digital computer (ENIAC) was born in the United States. This computer * * * consists of 18000 electron tubes, with an area of 170m2, a total weight of 30t, a power consumption of 140kw, and an operation speed of 5000 additions and 300 multiplications per second. In just over 50 years, electronic computers have gone through four stages of development: electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits (ic) and very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI), which makes computers smaller and smaller, more powerful, cheaper and more widely used. At present, it is developing to intelligent (fifth generation) computers. 1. The first generation of electronic computers were driven by computers from 1946 to 1958. They are large in size, low in operation speed, small in storage capacity and expensive. It is also inconvenient to use. In order to solve a problem, the complexity of the program is difficult to express. This generation of computers is mainly used for scientific calculation and only used in important departments or scientific research departments. 2. The second generation of electronic computers The second generation of computers is from 1958 to 1965. They all use transistors as electronic devices, the operation speed is nearly 100 times faster than that of the first generation computers, and the volume is one tenth of the original. The software adopts computer algorithm language. This generation of computers is not only used for scientific calculation, but also for data processing, transaction processing and industrial control. 3. The third generation of electronic computers The third generation of computers ranges from 1965 to 1970. The main feature of this period is the emergence of small and medium-sized integrated circuits as electronic devices and operating systems, which makes the functions of computers stronger and stronger and the application scope wider and wider. They are not only used in scientific calculation, but also in word processing, enterprise management, automatic control and other fields. The information management system combining computer technology and communication technology came into being, which can be used in production management, traffic management, information retrieval and other fields. 4. The fourth generation of electronic computers The fourth generation of computers refers to computers made of large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) and very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) as the main electronic devices after 1970. For example, the 80386 microprocessor can integrate about 320,000 transistors on a chip with an area of about10mm × 10/0mm ... Another important branch of the fourth generation computer is the microprocessor and microcomputer developed on the basis of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. The microcomputer has roughly gone through four stages: the first stage is 197 1 ~ 1973, and there are 4004, 4040 and 8008 microprocessors. 197 1 year, Intel developed a MCS4 microcomputer (CPU 4040, four-bit computer). Later, MCS-8 with 8008 as the core was introduced. The second stage is 1973 ~ 1977, which is the development and perfection stage of microcomputer. Microprocessors are 8080, 8085, M6800 and Z80. The original product is MCS-80 (CPU Intel (CPU is 8080, 8-bit computer). In the later period, there were TRS-80 (CPU is Z80) and APPLE-II (CPU is 6502), which was once popular all over the world in the early 1980s. The third stage is 1978 ~ 1983. The development stages of 16-bit microcomputer are 8086, 808880 186, 80286, M68000 and Z8000. The representative product of microcomputer is IBM-PC(CPU is 8086). The peak products at this stage are Apple's Macintosh( 1984) and IBM's PC/AT 286 (1986). The fourth stage is the development stage of 32-bit microcomputer from 1983. Microprocessors have successively introduced 80386 and 80486. 386 and 486 microcomputers are the original products. 1993, Intel introduced a microprocessor named Pentium or P5 with 64-bit internal data channel. Now Pentium III (also called P7) microprocessor has become the mainstream product, and Pentium IV is expected to be launched in June 2000. Therefore, the performance of microcomputer mainly depends on the performance of its core equipment, the microprocessor (CPU). 5. The fifth generation computer The fifth generation computer will combine information collection, storage, processing, communication and artificial intelligence with formal reasoning, association, learning and interpretation. Its architecture will break through the traditional concept of Von Neumann machine and realize highly parallel processing. Second, the characteristics of the computer The basic characteristics of the computer are as follows: 1, with strong memory. There is a large storage device in the computer, which can not only store a large number of information materials such as words, graphics, images and sounds for a long time, but also store programs that command the computer to work. 2, the calculation accuracy is high, and the logical judgment is accurate. It has high-precision control or high-speed operation tasks that human beings can't complete. It also has reliable judgment ability and realizes the automation of computer work, thus ensuring reliable judgment, rapid response and sensitive control of computer control. 3. High-speed processing ability It has magical operation speed, which can reach one billion times or even several billion times per second. For example, it took a mathematician more than ten years to calculate the approximate value of pi to 707 digits, but if modern computers are used to calculate it, it may be completed in an instant, reaching 2 million digits after the decimal point. 4. A computer that can automatically complete various operations, with internal control operation. As long as the pre-programmed application program is input into the computer, the computer can automatically complete the scheduled processing tasks according to the steps specified in the program. 1.3 Computer application field and development direction I. Computer application field At present, computer application can be summarized as the following aspects. 1. Scientific computing (or numerical computing) Early computers were mainly used for scientific computing. At present, scientific computing is still an important field of computer application. Such as high-energy physics, engineering design, earthquake prediction, weather prediction, aerospace technology, etc. Because computers have high computing speed, accuracy and logical judgment ability, new disciplines such as computational mechanics, computational physics, computational chemistry and biological cybernetics have emerged. 2. The process detection and control computer is used to automatically detect some signals in the industrial production process, store the detected data in the computer, and then process the data as needed. This kind of system is called computer detection system. Especially, the intelligent instrument formed by the introduction of computer technology has pushed industrial automation to a new height. 3. Information management (data processing) Information management is the most widely used field of computers at present. Use computers to process, manage and operate any form of data, such as enterprise management, material management, report statistics, account calculation, information retrieval, etc. In recent years, many domestic institutions have established their own management information systems (MIS). Manufacturing resource planning software (MRP) has also been adopted by manufacturing enterprises, and electronic information exchange system (EDI) has been gradually applied to commercial circulation, that is, paperless trade. 4. Computer Aided System 1) Computer Aided Design (CAD) refers to the use of computers to help designers carry out engineering design, thus improving the automation of design work and saving manpower and material resources. At present, this technology has been widely used in the design of circuits, machinery, civil buildings, clothing and so on. 2) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) refers to the use of computers to manage, control and operate production equipment, thereby improving product quality and reducing production costs. Shorten the production cycle and greatly improve the working conditions of manufacturing personnel. 3) Computer-aided testing (CAT) refers to the use of computers for complex and large-scale testing. 4) Computer-aided instruction (CAI) refers to an automatic system that uses computers to assist teachers in teaching and help students learn, so that students can easily learn what they need. Second, the development direction of computers In the future, computers will be based on VLSI and will develop in the direction of giant, miniaturization, networking and intelligence. 1. Terabyte refers to a computer with higher computing speed, larger storage capacity and stronger functions. The supercomputer being developed at present can operate at a speed of billions of times per second. 2. Miniaturized microcomputers have been used in instruments, meters, household appliances and other small instruments and equipment, and at the same time, as the heart of industrial control process, they make instruments and equipment "intelligent". With the further development of microelectronics technology, microcomputers such as notebook computers and palmtop computers will be welcomed by people with better cost performance. 3. Networking With the deepening of computer applications, especially the increasing popularity of home computers, on the one hand, it is hoped that many users can enjoy information resources, on the other hand, it is also hoped that computers can transmit information to each other for communication. Computer network is the product of the combination of modern communication technology and computer technology. Computer network plays an increasingly important role in the management of modern enterprises such as banking system, commercial system and transportation system. 4. The research of intelligent computer artificial intelligence is based on modern science. Intelligentization is an important direction of computer development. The new generation of computers will be able to simulate the mechanism of people's sensory behavior and thinking process, and carry out "seeing", "listening", "speaking", "thinking" and "doing", and have the ability of logical reasoning, learning and proof.

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