Su Ci has a wide range of materials, broad artistic conception, great momentum and bold style. Contrary to the small sentiment of writing about love and parting between men and women since the Five Dynasties, Su Ci got rid of the state of being just a lyric poem of music and became a new poetic style that can develop independently.
First of all, Su Shi expanded the theme of Ci, improved the artistic conception of Ci and created a new realm of Ci. Before Su Shi, the style of graceful and restrained words formed since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties was once popular. As a kind of "lyrics", ci is specially composed for writing children's love on the balcony of karaoke bars or folk streets. Liu Yong's colourful ci and Yan Shu's elegant ci did not jump out of the category of female themes, nor did they have lofty thoughts and fresh styles in artistic conception. It was not until a few writers with political aspirations, such as Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu, began to advocate the poetry innovation movement and showed new styles in their poems. Su Shi is the executor of the poetry innovation movement. On the basis of the "new style", he tried to change and created the unrestrained school opposite to the graceful school. Su Shi has surpassed the original category and level in content, theme and style. Or discuss military politics, record and express their feelings, or reflect the sufferings, life experiences and friendship of the people, or describe the pastoral life, or praise history and homesickness, debate and talk about metaphysics. Moreover, in his works, he strives to write an open world, express lofty aspirations and contain novel meanings. He praised the elegant style of ci, which made ci jump out of the traditional lingering beauty, absorbed the fresh realm of nature, and showed the broad mind of the creative subject, thus becoming a "natural family" ci. (1) and there is a resounding theory as a conscious creative pioneer, but also the advocacy and echo of Su disciples, which eventually expands the poetic style to thousands of miles away and stands out with traditional graceful words, thus expanding the poetic innovation movement to the field of words, such as [Jiangchengzi]' Hunting in Mizhou', which is inspired by shooting, to write his ambition to make contributions to the country's enemy: "The old man talks about juvenile madness," In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan. After drinking wine, my chest is still open and my temples are slightly frosted. What's the harm! When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? Bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius. "This is the earliest bold word in Su Shi's ci, which is about making contributions. It can be seen that he deliberately avoided the lingering and parting words, represented by Liu Yong, which were popular at that time, and opened up a new field of ci creation with the intervention of multiple themes, creating a new realm and "being a family". Let the strong men of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty feel at home, and sing it. " ②
Later, Su Shi missed his brother Su Zhe who had been separated for five years in Mizhou. When did he write down the bright moon? The preface to the word reads: "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival is full of joy and drunkenness, and this article is also pregnant." It is said that the famous singer Mao Yuan once sang this song, and Su Shi also danced. It can be seen that Su Shi's feelings have entered the infinite universe with the artistic conception of Ci. From when is the bright moon? Asking for wine from heaven, from "I want to go home by the wind, but I'm afraid it's too high to get cold" to "dancing in the shadows", how is the world? "It's really ethereal, heaven and earth, and I don't know where I am. Sleepless people under the moon sublimate their feelings and feelings to the vast universe, which can be described as lofty artistic conception and broad realm.
Secondly, Su Shi took poetry as his word, bold and unconstrained, and advocated a new style of words with masculine beauty. "Poetry as Ci" is Su Shi's Ci ontology. In Su Shi's view, Ci can express the feelings of the subject in essence, not only the suffering of life, but also the ups and downs of society and history. It can also be as magnificent as Tang poetry, with loud drums and stormy waves. It is a masculine word, a word of a scholar-bureaucrat, and a magnificent and bold word. We should not blindly indulge in the acoustic language of women or men in the boudoir and make boudoir sounds. It can be seen that Su Shi's "taking poetry as a word" is to measure words by the aesthetic standards of Tang poetry, and to admire the grandeur and lofty realm of Tang poetry and to fill it with emotional power. (In this respect, he once praised Liu Ci [Klang Ganzhou] in two ways: "first frost is tight, the river is cold, and the residual photos are buildings", "Do not reduce the height of the Tang people." ), aimed at echoing his creative practice of expanding the realm of Ci, injected a strong sense of subject life into Ci, highlighted the individual style of lyric subject, expanded the literary lyric function of Ci, and raised the gorgeous quality and status of Ci to the status of poetry. Obviously, it is a new concept of Ci, which has positive historical significance. Such as the famous [Nian Nujiao] and "Red Cliff Nostalgia": "The river of no return, the waves wash away the romantic figures through the ages. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The mountains and rivers are picturesque, and there are many heroes. " Magnificent, magnificent lyrics, showing a magnificent masculine beauty. This is the representative work of Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci.
Su Shi changed the graceful and restrained style of five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and became the pioneer of bold and unconstrained ci school in later generations. This first depends on the change of the political status of the literati in the Song Dynasty and the influence of the poetry innovation movement. Some famous literati in the Northern Song Dynasty had lofty ideals and ambitions in politics. Therefore, culturally, they are also dissatisfied with the flagging style of writing since the Tang and Five Dynasties, eager for boldness and heroism, so they set off a poetry innovation movement, and the rest of the waves can not but affect the ci world. Except for Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu's ci, Wang Anshi explicitly opposed the practice of using sound to write ci, and Su Shi inherited their style and made great changes, thus creating an important school of ci. Secondly, it depends on Su Shi's rich life experience. His leading position in the literary world at that time and his outstanding achievements in poetry and prose made him unable to be satisfied with the achievements of the former pronouns, and also opposed Liu Yong's once popular ci style. There is a famous record in Yu Wenbao's "Blowing Sword Record", which can explain Su Shi's persistence in the "bold and unconstrained" style. "Dongpo has a mentor in Yutang. Because of the question, what is my word like Liu Ci? That's right: Liu Langzhong's lyrics have to be sung by seventeen girls with red fangs. Bachelor degree, you must sing' River of No Return' with a big man in Kansai. The public has definitely come down. " Mu Shi cited two representative works and revealed the feminine beauty and masculine beauty of these two words in interesting language. In sharp contrast, it hit home, making Dongpo fall to the ground. It can be seen that Su Shi's admiration for "uninhibited". He once talked about painting with "boldness": "Creativity lies in statutes, and mystery lies beyond boldness." The "bold and unconstrained" here refers to the creative spirit of the creative subject full of aftermath freedom. On the basis of "bold and unconstrained" theory, Su Shi pointed out that his spiritual essence is "carefree", which is the free realm of literary creation that Su Shi has been advocating and fighting for. The realization of this realm is a happy state of his life, an artistic creation with unrestrained passion and full freedom of expression, which coincides with Taoist "carefree travel" and Buddhist "great freedom" and is also a wonderful style of "bold and unrestrained".
Thirdly, Su Ci broke through the original wording norms, introduced generous and unrestrained tunes, and innovated the rhyme rhythm of Ci. In terms of language, Su Shi changed the style of "Hua Ci", broke through the original wording framework and adopted the poems of Tao Qian, Li Bai, Du Fu and Han Yu in many ways. Occasionally, the spoken language at that time gave people a fresh and simple feeling. For example, in the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Su Shi, then the prefect of Xuzhou, wrote five poems [Huanxisha] for the first time. The fence is charming and the words are winding. "Fourth" clothes and towels rustle and cars ring in the south of the village. "Cow clothes ancient willow sell cucumber. A man who felt sleepy after a long journey after drinking wine was thirsty and wanted to drink tea. Knock on the door and ask the savage. " These words are fresh and natural, close to spoken language, touching to read and full of rich flavor of life. However, some passionate language in some works is a breakthrough to the traditional euphemism. For example, Nian Nujiao's Mid-Autumn Festival: "Looking at the sky from a distance, we can see that there is no cloud in Wan Li. Ghost woman flies to a place with light and takes a cold dip for a day. Yuyu Qionglou, coming and going from Luan, people are in Liangguo. Mountains and rivers are picturesque, and smoke trees are vivid. I clap my hands and sing wildly, till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon, and become a guest. Dancing in the wind, what kind of dusk? I want to return by wind, so I don't need to ride Peng Yi. In the crystal palace, the flute blew down. " Even the mourning works are written with broad artistic conception and unique style, such as [Jiang] and "Remembering Dreams": "Ten years of life and death are boundless, so don't forget it. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if you meet, you should not know, your face is covered with dust and your temples are like frost. "
In the choice of tunes, Su Ci introduced many generous and unrestrained tunes, such as Nian Nujiao, Qinyuanchun, Yong Music, He Xinlang, Man Jianghong, Shui Zhuu, Klang Ganzhou and so on. These melodies are rich and generous, which are suitable for expressing magnificent words such as "The River Never Returning", bold words full of profound thoughts and feelings, and with generous and magnificent tunes, they will complement each other and reach a natural artistic realm.
In terms of phonological harmony, Su Shi did not cancel Ci as a formal feature of singing art because he advocated "boldness", especially the phonological harmony of Ci, but advocated novelty and free creation in statutes, rather than generosity without statutes. Advocate "exquisite lyrics and steady voice" ③ to make it melodious. Wang Zhuo's "Lan Feng Man Zhi" said: "Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, but occasionally writes songs, pointing out that all the way up, the world will change, so that the author will know the shock." For example, the preface to "The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine" says: "Langya Valley, beautiful scenery, singing empty streams in spring, if the alto will be. The drunkard's intention is not to drink, but he forgets to return after listening to the wine. More than ten years later, Shen Zun, a curious man, traveled and wrote his heart on the piano, saying, "The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine." The rhythm is slow and the voice is smooth, but people who know the piano feel unparalleled. However, there is a voice that has no words. " This preface can be said to be Su Shi's expression of the aesthetic ideal of ci music: the sound of the piano writes the beauty of the spring stone and the elegance of the master, reaching a quite high aesthetic realm. Su Shi's temperament standard is not satisfied with "rough rhyme", let alone mutual restraint, but hopes to achieve a state of harmony between rhyme and words. The sound of the piano writes the sound of the spring stone, and also reflects the voice of the master. It is natural and full of natural interest, and the sound and words are harmonious. It is perfect.
Fourthly, Su Shi formed the romantic tone with his bold feelings and open-minded mind. Su Shi lived a life of integrity, frankness, broadmindedness and freedom. Although as an official, he struggled between the old and new parties, was repeatedly demoted and faced with many adversities, but his confidence in life was still optimistic and firm. Even if you throw me thousands of miles away in Hainan, I can get rid of the whirlpool of fate, and I can live safely in adversity. With a kind of ambition and perseverance, I will go my own way. For example, Su Shi, who was demoted to Huangzhou because of Wutai poetry case, was heartbroken and miserable in the extremely lonely days when his colleagues were alienated and his relatives and friends were far away. However, he did not go on passively because of this. After a short period of psychological adjustment, he rallied again, and wrote the eternal farewell song [Nian Nujiao] and "Red Cliff Nostalgia", which expressed his infinite feelings about life through ancient times and became his representative works of bold words. Another example is "Gift from Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion", which was written in the summer and autumn of the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083): "A thousand hectares, the mirror is clean, but the peak is green. Suddenly, the river was rough, and a fisherman was sailing in the wind and waves. Seeing this, I can't help but think of Song Yu's Song Yu. It is impossible for such a ridiculous person to understand that the wind in Zhuangzi is the voice of nature, saying that the wind has a daughter. A little awe-inspiring, a thousand miles fast. " The momentum is vigorous, generous and open and close freely, which clearly reflects Dongpo's broad feelings of being exiled in mountains and rivers, but it is also full of awe-inspiring, swift, optimistic and stubborn.
Only when there is the best in the world can there be the best in the world. It is precisely because of Su Shi's optimistic and aloof personality that his poems have the innovative spirit of getting rid of bondage, expressing freely, finding a new way and breaking all traps. Whether it is a work directly based on important social issues or a poem expressing personal feelings, it can show sincere feelings in a vivid historical picture. He is diligent in politics, affirms life and cares about the sufferings of the people. Wherever he goes, he tries his best to benefit the people, but seldom considers his personal experience. This magnanimous mind and mind, as well as his own passion, make some of his words full of "free and easy heroism" in content; (4) They have a profound sense of hardship and a lofty ideal of saving the world; In form, they are heroic and magnificent, with the characteristics of romanticism, which makes people heroic and upward after reading. For example, [Huanxisha] "The blue buds at the foot of the mountain are short-dipped in the stream, and the sand road between the pines is clean and mud-free. At dusk, the rain is whispering. Who says life can't go back to adolescence? The water in front of the door can still flow westward. Don't sing yellow chicken with white hair. "
Fifth, Su Shi's outstanding contribution and extensive influence have established his special position in the history of Ci. In the history of China literature, Su Shi has the same lofty status as Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu and other literary masters. This is because he is an outstanding master of poetry, ci, literature and books, and has made outstanding historical contributions to China's literary world. Especially in the creation of ci, he is an innovator. From theory to practice, he is a first-rate poet with great creative spirit. He created a generation of bold ci style and broke through the barrier that ci is a colorful subject. "Wash away the beautiful and fragrant state, get rid of the degree of taking precautions, and make people climb high and look far, hold their heads high and sing, and escape from the hubbub." ⑤ Su Shi improved the status of Ci with his creation, expanded the theme of Ci, expanded the expressive function and social function of Ci, and enriched and broadened the artistic conception of Ci. He took poetry as his word, and he was eclectic. Wang Yang was unrestrained and magnificent. As Liu Chenweng said in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Ci reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, like a wonder of heaven and earth." Throughout Su Ci, the content is broad, the styles are diverse, the words are extremely heroic and do not usurp the host's role, and the thoughts are deeply lingering and not finely divided. Such as [butterfly lovers] "Flowers fade, but red apricots are small. Swallows fly, green water people go around. There are few willows blowing on the branches, but there are many herbs in the sea. Swing inside and outside the wall. The layman in the wall, the beauty in the wall laughs. The laughter faded away, but the passion was ruthlessly annoyed. " On the surface, this small print is a sigh of the passing of spring and the beauty that is hard to find, which embodies the other side of Su Ci's bold and unconstrained style. But the author's frustrated feelings and broad-minded attitude towards life are also subtly revealed here. "Are there many fish in the sea?" Where can't I find a beautiful woman? Where can't I settle down? "When I was born, everything happened to me, and there was no inconvenience in all directions" ("Tea with Jiang Kui"). However, "passionate but merciless chagrin" is the poet's self-mockery. I was honest and upright all my life, but I was often slandered, and I ended up in Lingnan. "The author is laughing at his passion, that is, laughing at the unfair fate imposed on him and laughing at all tragedies" (Appreciation of Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties). This word is ingenious in conception, full of strange feelings, full of harmony, natural in reasoning, cyclical in language, fresh and beautiful in style, graceful without delicacy, that is, graceful without losing grace, mixed with sadness and broadmindedness, and containing an optimistic and open-minded attitude towards life in sadness and frustration. This is Su Shi's ci, which graces Su Shi's style and still exudes heroism.
Su Shi's ci style deeply influenced a group of writers around him, and later spread to the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, until modern times. He is an outstanding leader in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. Around him, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Zhang Lei, Chao Martial Arts, Chen Shidao, etc., known as the "Four Bachelor of Su Men", were all cultivated and influenced by Su Shi and became famous poets. Among them, Huang Tingjian is the most insightful and profound critic of Ci after Su Mencheng Dongpo. His main achievement is that after Su Shi completed the qualitative change of Ci from the traditional response to the song of Hua Jian Ji to the poet's self-expression, he timely and profoundly expounded the theory of the poet as the lyric subject in Ci, which is a reasonable extension and unique development of Su Shi's Ci ontology.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's poems became more popular. He was fair and upright all his life. Although he was demoted many times, he was calm. This attitude towards life has also aroused the sympathy and admiration of honest literati in later generations. Such as Lu You, Xin Qiji, Jin Yuan and Yuan Hongdao in Ming Dynasty, and Chen Weisong and Cha in Qing Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, their achievements varied greatly, but they all clearly saw the influence of Su Shi, especially his romantic spirit and bold style of ci, which was loved and imitated by many poets and poets who were dissatisfied with the present situation and demanded reform and innovation, and promoted the prosperity and development of China literature. For example, Lu You's "Eye-catching" "Cry in the corner of the border town in autumn, and the bonfire shines on the high platform. Sad songs hit the building and lean on high wine. This is leisurely! " Xin Qiji [broken array] "drunk watching the sword, dreaming back to blow the horn." Give the roast beef to the men and the band will play northern songs. Autumn soldiers on the battlefield, etc. Obviously influenced by the wind of Su Ci.