Ding kiln is divided into north and south. It was first located in Quyang County, Hebei Province, and was originally Dingzhou, and later moved to Jingdezhen, commonly known as Dingzhou as Beiding and Jingdezhen as Nanding. Nanding, the tire is very fine, the colorful sleeves are white, and the sleeves are white glass glaze. Ding kiln porcelain has a thin and shiny glaze, and it is better to be white. Also called Fending, also known as Bai Ding. Where the powder is true, its sleeves are smooth and the color is similar to that of old ivory. There are many willow lines in the sleeves, and the fake glaze is mixed, too dry, too bright or too dark. There are different kinds of powder, glazed and yellowish, commonly known as soil, and the fixtures are burnt. It is characterized by sleeveless top and small feet. Decorative patterns include: plain color, relief, painting, printing, carving, stacking, embroidery, scratching and hiding. Its main features are rigorous layout, distinct levels, clear lines and dense. Generally speaking, flowers are more, flowers are less, and flowers are better. The lines are delicate, concise, free and bold. Patterns include: antique copper pattern, peony, Pisces, etc. Shapes include: plates, bowls, bottles, stoves, pots, porcelain pillows, etc. The official kiln is located in Kaifeng, Henan. It used to be called serenity. The official kilns in Song Dynasty were called one of the "five famous kilns". There are two kinds of phoenixes: new officials and old officials. The former is the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the latter is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. The tire and glaze are as thin as paper, and the colors are moonlight, pink, pink, big green and putty. At that time, the moonlight was the top, the powder was the bottom, and then the powder was the top, and the moonlight was the bottom. Most of the utensils were open, with ice cracks as the top, plum patterns as the bottom, fine lines as the bottom, and yellow and black lines as the top grade. The glaze spot is dominated by eel blood, followed by ink lines. Jun Kiln is located in Henan Province, which is now Yuxian County. There are countless colors of Jun kiln porcelain. The most famous ones are azure, rose purple, begonia red, eggplant skin purple, sky blue, carmine, vermilion and so on. Some of them have red, purple, deep or shallow, patchy or radial changes, which can be said to be complex and subtle. In the past, someone in our country had a poem "The sunset turned green and suddenly turned blue" to describe its beauty. The fetus is gray, the glaze is fine and the tears are moist. Another feature of Jun kiln porcelain is that irregular flowing thin lines often appear on porcelain, which are shaped like "worm-like mud lines", and often become the standard for future generations to identify the authenticity of Jun kiln porcelain. When firing, the number engraved on the bottom of the hanging firing method (Zhi Ding firing) is enough, and the odd number is better. Generally, only figures ranging from one to ten are marked on the bottom of delicate objects such as statues, pots and pot holders. There have been various speculations about this kind of Jun porcelain before. For example: 1. In the Notes on the South Kiln written by an anonymous person in the Qing Dynasty, it is mentioned that "Jun Kiln" ...... there are figures between the feet, and the cover is consistent, and the mark of the vise is also ". 2. Some people think that the odd number at the bottom is the symbol of red and purple objects, and the even number is the symbol of cyan objects. Some people think that the number at the bottom of the equipment is to distinguish the genuine products. The recent excavation of Juntai Kiln has basically solved the mystery for many years. According to the arrangement analysis of unearthed objects, a rule is obtained: the larger the number, the smaller the caliber of the objects or the lower the body. One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, the kiln was located in Yuxian County, Henan Province, which belonged to Zhou Jun in ancient times, hence the name Jun kiln. It was burned in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. Jun kiln belongs to the northern celadon system, which is unique in that it uses kiln color-changing glaze, and the burned glaze is blue and reddish. There are twists and turns in the glaze, which is also one of the characteristics of Jun glaze. The bottom of the utensils used in the court is engraved with numbers from one to ten, such as pots, brackets, statues, etc. Jun kiln uses opaque glaze, and the colorant of glaze is mainly copper. At that time, the firing technology was relatively skilled. However, copper red glaze is very sensitive to the temperature and atmosphere in the kiln when it is fired. If there is a slight deviation, the normal red color will not be obtained, but this kind of "changing kiln" will often bring unexpected magical colors, so there is a saying that "one color enters the kiln and all colors come out". It is also an important basis for identification because the glaze layer cracks when it is dry or at the initial stage of firing, and then the glaze flow fills the gap at the high temperature stage, forming a "worm-like" grain mark. The handed down products of Jun porcelain are mostly Zun, furnace, bottle, washing, flowerpot and basin holder. Ruyao is in Henan Province, formerly called Ruzhou, and now it is called Linru County. It is an important producer of porcelain in northern China since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Ruyao celadon, with various shapes and rich decoration, not only enjoys a high reputation among the people, but also is highly appreciated by the royal family. Gong Yan Royal Ru Ci has delicate fetal quality, fragrant gray, bright glaze color and jade-like luster. The glaze colors of Ru kiln are azure, egg blue, sea blue, bean green, shrimp green, pink green and tea powder. Sleeve material is more than the upper part of the object, and its shape is similar to fat accumulation and wax tears. The color of the unglazed place is similar to that of sheep liver, and the one with small sesame flowers at the bottom is the best. Fetal bones were hard, and Zhi Ding's burning method was used.

Yao Min

Folk kilns are folk porcelain kilns. Compared with the official kiln (imperial kiln) established by the imperial court, it belongs to non-official kiln and mainly produces goods. The porcelain produced not only meets the general needs of domestic and foreign markets, but also displays porcelain, and the sales area is extremely wide. Kilns here also refer to porcelain kilns, not tile kilns or brick kilns. Time also refers to the heyday of Ming and Qing Dynasties before the Republic of China. The products of folk kilns are called passenger and freight, and their styles are quite different from those of official kilns. Except for some patterns and types that restrict production, it can be said that the modeling and decorative themes of folk kiln porcelain are more abundant and free. Jingdezhen has a large number of Ming Dynasty folk kilns, which are the main body of China ceramic kilns, and the thickness of products is not much different from that of official kilns. Famous ones are Cuigong Kiln, Zhougong Kiln, Gong Hu Kiln and Xiaonan Kiln.

Characteristics of folk kiln

The vast majority of porcelain kilns in past dynasties belonged to folk kilns. Official porcelain appeared in the Five Dynasties, and Bianjing Official Kiln was named in the Song Dynasty. For example, the famous folk kilns in Song Dynasty include Cizhou Kiln, Ge Kiln, Longquan Kiln and Yaozhou Kiln. Jingdezhen established official kilns in Ming and Qing Dynasties, but there are still a large number of folk kilns. Porcelain produced by folk kilns is also called "passenger and freight", which is different from official kilns in style, rich in subject matter and unrestrained in pen. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, a large number of historical story paintings appeared on blue and white and multicolored porcelain, such as Wu Zixu's Holding the Ding, jiaozi's Chopping in the Early Zhou Dynasty, Empty City Plan, and The West Chamber. The use of blue, black and gold makes colored porcelain more colorful and its varieties have been developed.

Folk kiln history

The history of folk kilns is much earlier than that of official kilns, and ceramics are all produced by the people. By the Tang Dynasty, porcelain had become one of the important export commodities, which were exported to India, Egypt and Persia. According to textual research, Tang Sancai, Yue kiln celadon and Xing kiln white porcelain have been unearthed in these areas. Folk kilns have been greatly developed here and have the nature of commodity production. After the Tang dynasty, a large number of folk kilns emerged all over the country, competing with each other and often in short supply. Among them, the most famous ones are Jun Kiln, Ru Kiln and Ding Kiln in Song Dynasty. Zhang's old kiln "striped porcelain" and Zhang's young kiln (Longquan celadon). During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, folk kilns developed rapidly, and the number of folk kilns in Jingdezhen alone increased to 300. At this time, the folk kiln belongs to the nature of commodity production, and the proportion of folk kiln in output is much larger than that of official kiln, and it has also developed in quality. In Qing dynasty, folk kilns occupied an overwhelming advantage, and official kiln porcelain was also produced by folk kilns.

The Development of Folk Kilns in Song Dynasty

It is just bounded by the Yangtze River, with four in the north and four in the south. There are four kiln systems in the north: Cizhou Kiln, Yaozhou Kiln, Jun Kiln and Ding Kiln. The Raozhou kiln in the south is Jingdezhen kiln, which has four kiln systems: Longquan kiln, Jian Yao kiln and Jizhou kiln. In fact, there are many kiln mouths in the north, but there is no academic division. People refer to all the kilns for firing folk porcelain in the vast land of the north as Cizhou kilns. There are many decorative techniques in Cizhou Kiln. And text decoration is very rare in other kiln mouths. This writing is related to the political environment at that time, which embodies the philosophy of the Song people: praying for national peace and willing to live a stable life. There were many porcelain pillows in the Song Dynasty. At first, some people thought porcelain pillows were for the dead because they were very hard. But it turns out that this is not the case. The reason is that there are words on many pillows, such as "many people talk less, so go home early if you have nothing to do." Another example is: "If you want to get off the bridge, you can't sail if there is a road. Stay at home early, and the crow will see the light of day. " These reminders are written on pillows to give people a reminder. Today, we think porcelain pillows are too hard to pillow. In fact, ancient people have a tradition of hard pillows. According to historical records, Sima Guang slept in a "police pillow": cut a piece of wood, put it under his head, and a bell fell on it. You woke up as soon as the bell rang. Sima Guang was able to write "Lessons Learned from Mutual Adversity" because he slept on this pillow and cherished time! Pillows in Song Dynasty have the most abundant shapes, including lion pillows and tiger pillows. There are human figures, such as children's pillows and ladies' pillows; There are geometric shapes, such as rectangle, octagon, cloud head and other arbitrary shapes. The paintings on porcelain pillows are also very rich, including bears and folk life at that time, such as fishing and cuju (playing football).

Jingdezhen kiln

There were also four folk kiln systems in the Southern Song Dynasty. The first is Raozhou kiln, which is called Jingdezhen kiln in the world. The second is Longquan kiln, celadon; The third is Jianyang kiln, which is famous for its black lights. The fourth is Jizhou Kiln, which is somewhat similar to Cizhou Kiln in the north. Raozhou kiln, now called Jingdezhen kiln. Jingdezhen began to burn porcelain as early as the Han Dynasty, but it was very rough. During the years of Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong, Jingdezhen was officially built, which is recorded in the history books. Jingdezhen has a unique condition, that is, kaolin, and the excavated soil is white and very beautiful. Kaolin was later recognized by the world as the best raw material for firing porcelain. Jingdezhen has always been in the imitation stage, either celadon or white porcelain, but after the Northern Song Dynasty, it began to embark on the road of innovation and created a celadon and white porcelain, which is between celadon and white porcelain and has a bluish color. This played a key role in the later development of Jingdezhen.

Blue and white porcelain unifies the whole country and reigns in the world.

On July 12, 2005, a blue and white can of Ghost Valley Down the Mountain was auctioned in London, England, and the transaction price was equivalent to RMB 230 million. According to the international quotation of the day, you can buy two tons of gold, creating the highest price for a single handicraft. Why is Yuan Qinghua priceless? First, it is determined by its theme. Wang Yi, a military prodigy in the Warring States Period, was called "Guiguzi", and the famous soldier Sun Bin (grandson) was his apprentice. At that time, Yan was at war with Qi, and Sun Bin, a native of Qi, was captured by Yan. Begging Master Guiguzi to go down the mountain to save his disciples. This blue and white pot is a picture of Guiguzi going down the mountain; Secondly, blue and white in Yuan Dynasty initiated the ceramic decoration in China. Today, the color, painting skills and quality of Guigu Mountain jar are the highest standards; Third, it is the legendary color of this jar. During the Republic of China, a Dutch officer accidentally bought this jar in Beijing. Then I took it back to China and put it in the attic for nearly a hundred years. In 2005, experts discovered that it was a blue and white yuan, and then auctioned it. The jar was in their home improvement CD until it was sold.

Blue and white mystery

Due to the mature firing of Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain in Song Dynasty, it provided the foundation for the birth of Yuan blue-and-white porcelain. Blue and white wares were made and burned in Song Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, but the place was not in Jingdezhen, so far almost no complete wares have been seen, and the fetal quality of the remaining fragments is completely different from Jingdezhen. Therefore, we can't think that the so-called Tang Qinghua and Song Qinghua are directly related to Yuan Qinghua. Yuan Qinghua has many mysteries: Why is it blue? It has no initial stage and no budding stage. Why did it come out as a towering tree? Why are there so many themes in Yuan Blue and White: flowers, animals, drama stories, people and so on? Why were there so many blue and white flowers in Yuan Dynasty? Some people speculate that these are related to Mongolian customs. Mongolians advocate blue and have close ties with Persia. Mongols are rough and heroic ... Yuan Qinghua is the crystallization of Han culture, Persian culture in the western regions and ancient Mongolian culture. Because of the market demand, Yuan Qinghua expanded rapidly. Later, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, porcelain was mainly blue and white. Blue and white porcelain has many advantages: before Yuan blue and white porcelain, ceramics were not so beautiful and pleasing to the eye; Blue and white flowers have stable colors, high yield and breakthrough technology. At the same time, blue and white flowers have excellent quality and strong market competitiveness. Yuan blue and white flowers, contrary to the implicit beauty and boldness of the Song Dynasty, opened up a new way for ceramics. After the appearance of Yuan Blue and White, it unified the whole country and established the status of Jingdezhen as the porcelain capital, which could not be shaken for 700 years.

Judging the value standard of folk kilns from the 1980s, China began to collect blue and white porcelain wares of folk kilns in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. By the early 1990s, their prices reached the first peak and then began to decline. In the past one or two years, the market price of blue and white porcelain in folk kilns has started to climb again, which is favored by many ceramic collectors. At present, there is still room for appreciation of folk kiln porcelain, and the current low price is a good opportunity for low-level investors to collect it. However, folk kilns are also divided into three categories, and investors should treat them differently when buying folk kiln porcelain. The criterion for judging the value of folk kiln porcelain: look at the pattern. Whether the painting patterns on the porcelain of the people's kiln are exquisite or not can be roughly divided into four grades: figures, landscapes, animals, flowers and birds and simple patterns. Among all kinds of patterns, those with words are more valuable than those without words, and the price of poems and songs is higher. Some blue-and-white porcelain wares in folk kilns have special personalities and the prices are relatively high. Double audience type. The price of display porcelain and knives is higher than that of household porcelain and round mouth. In recent two years, the most popular collectibles in the market are inkpad boxes, pen holders, pen holders and other small ornaments for study, among which the price of pen holders has risen the fastest. Buy some incense burners and pen containers with relatively high painting level in Kangxi period, which have more appreciation potential. Third, look at the craft. When purchasing folk kiln porcelain, we should consider its price from three aspects: technology, decoration and kiln fire. In the spring of 2003, a Kangxi blue-and-white Tibetan jar photographed by Tianjin Cultural Relics Company was a common one in the Kangxi period. Because of his meticulous painter and good color, he was injured along the mouth. At that time, the valuation was around 50,000 yuan, and it was finally sold at 220,000 yuan, which shows that the auction market recognized this fine folk kiln. Such as Jiaqing to Daoguang blue-and-white glazed red landscape figure celestial sphere bottle, estimated at 80,000 to 6.5438+0.2 million yuan. When choosing this kind of collection, we must choose porcelain with strong literati atmosphere, fine painting and complete modeling. Fourth, look at the variety. At present, investing in pastel porcelain, especially pastel display porcelain, has the potential of appreciation. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, famille rose was more expensive than the blue-and-white wares of folk kilns in the same period, and it was said that "one famille rose topped three blue-and-white wares". In particular, all kinds of pastel porcelain, especially furnishings, produced in Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuan Tong and Zhushan, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province in the early years of the Republic of China have the greatest appreciation potential.

There are five famous kilns in the history of China, not four. The most glorious period was in the Song Dynasty, which was famous for its five famous kilns, namely Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln, which were collectively called the five famous kilns with their own characteristics. If we really want to name the four kilns, it should be Ge Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ru Kiln and Jun Kiln, so as to truly show the true meaning of digging fire and reflect the natural beauty of a kiln. For example, the large-burned copper spot glaze of Jun kiln gives people a gorgeous and bright feeling. There is an implicit beauty, which is a semi-tungsten glaze. The glaze colors of Ru Kiln and Ge Kiln all pursue the effect of ice crack, and the objects are mostly like bronze wares in shape, which has high aesthetic value.