I think, if you don't have to accept dogmatic comments, you just have to write according to the logic of the article, so you don't have to worry about those boring and smelly rules. For a well-founded article, argument is much more important than proportion.
If the viewpoint is novel and the argument is in place, even if there are no examples, it is still a good article. Just because an article has no examples doesn't mean that it can't find suitable examples. Maybe it's just that there are too many examples, too common.
If a specific example is put forward, it will damage the universality of argument; If you add a few more complete supplements, it will make the article appear lengthy. Generally speaking, only when you find inspiring examples will you consider giving such examples, otherwise you can only add more words.
In addition, please note that for a higher point of view, the low-level argument itself can be regarded as an example, or it may be called an abstract example. Some netizens said that my article lacked examples, which may only be confined to the level of concrete common sense, while ignoring the abstract examples here.
My articles are generally tall. If we want to trace back to specific common sense, the front will be longer, the article will be unnecessarily wordy, and even there will be faults. For such a high-viewpoint article, it is naturally best to find vivid and typical examples, but we should not ask too much of them. After all, most of them are only individual cases, and more abstract examples are needed.
Dogmatists ask middle school students to give simple examples, probably because they don't need to write articles with high opinions. Dogmatists ask middle school students to give examples, which can not only explain things vividly, but also be objective, and will not make arguments become pure sophistry.
I will not talk about the realistic servility of this view here, but point out that such objectivity is only an illusion. In fact, the examples cited in writing articles are all beneficial to their own arguments, and they always unconsciously ignore those counterexamples, resulting in the illusion that everything is like this.
For example, when we talk about the harm of internet addiction, we always say that some students delay their studies because they are addicted to the internet, but they ignore the ideological enlightenment of the internet to others. For those students who are addicted to the internet, the deeper reason may be their disappointment with our education and society. It can be seen that examples can not only explain the problem, but also cover it up.
Examples are not necessary for authors, especially those who can put forward high opinions, but our readers can test their understanding by trying to give appropriate examples. Interested readers may wish to have a look. How many examples have I given in this article, and how many are so-called abstract examples? The composition of the college entrance examination is really harmful. Please read the blog post: How does the composition of the college entrance examination become a draft activity?
2. In the first case of argumentation, what is the role of paying attention to "the belly of a crested leopard-tailed pig"? The so-called "phoenix head" means that the text at the beginning of the article should be beautiful and novel; The content should be concise and tasteful. The so-called "leopard tail" means that the end of the article should be strong and never slow down. The so-called "pork belly" means that the main body of the article should be large, both open and concentrated. The following is just my humble opinion on the problem of "phoenix head", which is the beginning of the argumentative paper.
Ouyang Xiu's Preface to Drunk Pavilion begins with only five words, "Chu is also a mountain around Chu"; Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms begins with "the general trend of the world, which will be combined for a long time, and will be combined for a long time"; Tolstoy's Anna karenin was revised dozens of times at the beginning, and finally it was written as "All happy families are similar, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way". These are excellent works at the beginning of the article, and now they have become famous aphorisms, which are worth pondering and studying.
So what methods are worth learning in the early stage of argumentative writing?
1, come straight to the point and put forward the argument directly.
This year's Sichuan college entrance examination composition is entitled "Strong". A candidate in Sichuan wrote: "No one has ever questioned the unity of the people in China, the tenacity of the people in China and the tenacity of the people in China. China raised his head with a dragon, and Xiao Long spent nine days proclaiming the greatness of the Chinese nation to the world! " The author points out the theme of the article with deep emotion and perceptual style.
2. Introduce an argument by explaining the topic.
For example, for "Don't do it with little evil, don't do it with little good", we can start like this: "Liu Bei warned his son Liu Chan:' Don't do it with little evil, don't do it with little good.' It means don't do it just because it is a small bad thing, and don't be unwilling to do it just because it is a small good thing. This famous saying tells us that we should be willing to do good and never do bad things, even the smallest things. "
3. Quote the beginning of a proverb or famous motto.
One year, the composition of the college entrance examination in Fujian was designed as follows: choose a character or literary image listed below as the topic composition:
Characters: Confucius, Su Shi, Zeng Guofan, Lu Xun, Stephen Hawking
Literary image: Cao Cao Song Jiang Xue Baochai tonia Santiago
A candidate started like this: "The Yangtze River rolled eastward, and many heroes were wiped out by the waves. He stood in front of Chibi, which used to be a romantic figure in the Three Kingdoms, like a Kansai man, holding an iron plate and shouting' One river does not return, a romantic figure through the ages'. This man is Su Dongpo, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His passion makes him bold, his boldness makes him open-minded, and his open-mindedness makes him live a "stormy Ren Pingsheng" life. It was his open-mindedness that left an indelible impression on me. "
4. Let's talk about exclusion.
In 2007, the composition of the simulated test questions in Tianjin Nankai Middle School was designed as follows: a shopping mall bought a batch of high-grade cups, and customers were surprised at first, but few people bought them after reading them. The manager asked the psychologist, who said: The cup body is novel in design and fine in workmanship, but the lid is defective. Open the lid and someone will buy it. A student wrote: "Epiphyllum is beautiful, but it only lasts for one night;" Peony is beautiful, but flashy; Venus is beautiful, but she has no arms. From this perspective, all the beautiful things in the world are not perfect and seem to have defects, but I just appreciate this defect because it is a real beauty. "
In addition to the above four methods, there are:
5. Tell me a positive case first.
6. Give a negative example first.
7. Start with a fable or fairy tale.
8. Start with a question.
These four kinds are easy to understand, so I won't repeat them one by one.
Look at people's heads first, the title and the beginning first, to attract the reader's attention and make him interested in reading. This is the primary goal that each of us who writes a composition should pursue.
3. The function and expression effect of counterexamples in argumentative writing are mainly argumentative writing. Argumentation, from the perspective of formal logic, is the whole logical reasoning process of proving an argument with arguments. This process shows what logical methods are used to connect or unify arguments.
So, how are arguments and arguments related? Or how does the argument prove the argument? This is the problem of argumentation method. The method of argument is related to the form of reasoning, but it is not the same. It is varied, and people can use it flexibly according to different needs. Here are some examples to illustrate these methods and functions.
An example is to use typical concrete facts as arguments to prove the argument. This is the usual way of "putting the facts". This is a method to demonstrate by inductive reasoning, which is easy to master and widely used.
For example, the most important thing is to pay attention to the consistency and close unity of arguments and arguments, and there can be no distance. For example, there is an article about writing to be diligent in observation and thinking, such as:
Shakespeare is a famous great writer and poet. He is good at observing life, refining materials, writing a lot of tragicomedy and poetry, and finally becoming an immortal master of art. Newton is a great physicist. When he enjoys the cool in the evening, he finds that the apple fell to the ground. Why not fall into the sky? After repeated practice, it is finally concluded that all objects on the surface of the earth are affected by gravity.
Here is an example of Shakespeare. Although it is not thorough enough, it is always directly related to the argument. It is inappropriate to quote Newton's example, because although he also observed and thought, he did not use words.
When writing a composition, I want to give an example to reflect the characteristics of the characters.
I have big eyes like black grapes. He has a small and exquisite mouth, speaks logically and has a moderate nose.
I have many advantages, such as good composition and fast running. There are also shortcomings, such as timidity, carelessness ... very good. Let's make a long story short. I'll give you a typical carelessness now!
Once, the examination paper on Chinese knowledge points in our class was finished. I'm more cheerful, because I checked it n times during the exam, and I think it's strange that I didn't get 100 points this time! I laughed at my face. But I don't know that Mr. Yu hasn't left yet. My smile made Mr. Yu glance around. I don't know what made me laugh.
When I reported the scores in the afternoon, I straightened up and looked at Teacher Yu with a big smile on my face. "Xie Jiayuan 100, Ma Qingyun 100, Hu Jiayu 99 ..." When it was posted on paper, I couldn't help but be eclipsed: "What? Is the word missing a little? " Students have congratulated me, but it seems that a little man shaved my face in front of me, "shame!" " Don't check after writing the paper! "I think: although the teacher didn't give me much time in the morning, it was enough for me to check it again.
Alas! This is me, a careless me!
5. What are the effects of the six examples at the beginning of the essay in terms of content and expression effect? What is the role of role models? 2014-12-0306: 51cite six famous examples, which provide sufficient factual basis for the argument, make the article full of momentum and enhance persuasiveness.
Use historical facts (examples) to demonstrate the author's point of view (adversity makes talents), so that the point of view is more convincing and true.
Then it means that the country is also like this. Finally, the central argument is expounded.
* * * The same feature is that they all come from humble origins and go through hardships, showing the talents of different mortals. Later, they were entrusted with heavy responsibilities by the rulers and did a good job.
The function is to explain the truth that talents should have been in trouble long ago on a series of typical examples. It shows the cultivation of talents and the governance of the country.
The central argument is that you are born with worry and die with happiness. Luck.
The purpose of listing a series of historical figures is to illustrate the important role of adversity (predicament) in cultivating talents. This is still the case for selecting talents and appointing people, especially for governing the country by extension. The phrase "if you enter, you can't have a home, if you leave, you can't be invincible in foreign diseases, and if your country dies, you will die" proves this from the opposite side.
Pave the way for the later article "The sky is big, so are people".
Give examples to make the article more convincing.
At the beginning of the article, six comparisons are used in succession, and the facts are cited to show that although these people were born in poverty, they finally achieved extraordinary careers after hard training. In line with this fact, the author used several phrases to draw the conclusion that "the sky will drop to a big position, so people will be convinced."
Prove that adversity makes talent.
Gou Jian, Li Zicheng, Beethoven, Hawking, Chen Sheng at the end of Qin Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Zhang Haidi, Madame Curie and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. The article lists six famous people in ancient times. What are their similarities? What does the author want to illustrate with examples? (Explain that if you want to become a talent, you must first go through tempering; Only after tempering can we make a difference. ) PS: "The Complete Solution of the Exercise" 1, and six examples of ancient celebrities are cited in this paper. What are their similarities?
Sima Qian wrote in an ancient (domestic) letter to Ren: 1, arrested and beaten Zhouyi 2, written by Zhong You in the Spring and Autumn Period 3, Qu Yuan was exiled, but he was given to Li Sao 4, blind and lost his Mandarin 5, Sun Tzu was lame, and Sun Tzu's Art of War was revised 6.