I. Summary:
1, the content of the abstract
(1) research purpose and importance
Including research background, problems solved, actual or academic needs, research objects, etc.
(2) Research methods
Principles, technologies or processes, methods, equipment and materials used.
(3) Research results
The result of a new discovery or creation. The actual effect of experiment, detection, observation and investigation, or the opinions and opinions of theoretical demonstration.
(4) Conclusion
The significance of research results (achievements) closely related to the research purpose, that is, influence and function. Or make suggestions and discuss key issues.
2. Writing requirements of abstract
It must have the same amount of information as the text, giving people a true, novel and valuable impression. There are four specific requirements:
First, it is objective and true. It is necessary to reflect the actual content and real overview of the research and avoid fraud, subjective assumptions, explanations and comments.
The second is innovation and development. We must pay attention to the achievements of innovation and development. Don't write what is known about common sense or popular science, don't repeat the language in the title and introduction, don't quote examples and existing opinions, don't describe the research process and self-evaluation, and don't brag and exaggerate.
Third, the level is clear and logical. According to the contents of the four aspects, they are arranged layer by layer, and there is internal logic between them. You can jump from layer to layer, but it is coherent, smooth and self-contained.
Fourth, the language is rigorous, concise and accurate. Determined to be accurate, powerful and appropriate; Words should be general and concise, and should not be vague or ambiguous. Non-standard terms, abbreviations, symbols or codes should not be used, and charts, tables, formulas and serial numbers should not be displayed.
3. The writing method of abstract
Generally speaking, it is a highly summarized and straightforward reminder of important content. The key point is that it is different from the general narrative and explanation. Must use a highly general statement, and it is a direct and unadorned statement (judgmental statement). We must clearly explain what we studied, why we studied it, how we studied it, what the result was, what the influence or function was, and we can arrange it by leaps and bounds without using related words.
4. The following conditions must be met:
First, you must be familiar with the content and know it clearly. We must distinguish between primary and secondary, light and heavy, old and new, select the main, important and new, that is, the most distinctive content of our own research, and then refine, summarize and summarize it. Instead of looking for a subtitle combination from the newspaper. This article is the key. If you can't do it or don't do it, you can't write a summary well.
The second is to form a hierarchy and order according to the answers to the five questions, and form a very clear and smooth train of thought. If one or two things are unclear, you must make it clear again and again, and you can't rush to write. Third, according to the content, summarize the combination in your own language again. Again, don't use the same language in the paper, or don't use the same language as the abstract (repetition). One's own language refers to the language that reflects the research content and conforms to the characteristics of the paper, not the language of ordinary students, but should be refined, firm, powerful, fluent and standardized. To have a fairly high level of language skills, it is necessary to think twice and temper repeatedly, so as to achieve a state where one more word is redundant and one less word is unclear. It has its own language, its own characteristics and refreshing effect.
Second, key words
1, just pick a few important words related to the main content of your paper, which are generally included in the title, theme and abstract or repeated many times in the paper.
2. Generally, you don't need too many keywords, just three or five ~ \ (≧▽≦)/~ Lala ~
Three. introduce
1. The main content of the introduction is to solve the problem of why the research is carried out and clarify the background, purpose, necessity, importance, urgency and significance of the research. But it can't be why the research is abstract repetition, but concrete and in-depth exposition. Dissertation, in addition to why research, should also indicate the theoretical basis, application methods or technologies, processes, means, equipment, materials, innovations or new discoveries.
2. Introduction writing requirements
First, cut to the chase.
The second is to choose the angle and make an objective statement. There are two angles: one is the research angle, that is, from which aspect to enter the topic and determine the research object or problem. Such as campus landscape design, plus "Nanjing University", the angle can be clear and practical. On the other hand, from the perspective of person, the paper must use the person with strong objectivity, that is, "I" and "author", but not the first person "I".
The third is to deal with the relationship between abstraction and conclusion. The introduction only solves the problem of context and why to study, not the annotation of the abstract, which cannot be the same as the abstract. Introduction and conclusion have the same relationship. The introduction focuses on "why" and the conclusion focuses on "how". What's the effect or function? The introduction must be written to draw conclusions.
Four, the introduction can quote the existing views and remarks, to explain the proposed concepts or terms or existing concepts or terms, but should not be deduced and explained, nor should there be charts, data, etc.
3. The writing method of introduction
Declarative writing is the main thing, and it is important to understand things clearly. Things are the status quo, problems, and existing research status quo. Reason is the reason, principle and need of why (the need of practice and theory). The statement must be specific and appropriate, not general. Logical causality and conditional relationship are reasoning and argumentation, but they don't need to stick to logical form. Language, or in your own language, is concise, fluent, coherent and appropriate. Pay special attention not to use spoken or vernacular Chinese.
Fourth, the text.
1, the content of the text
According to types, it can be divided into theoretical research papers, experimental research papers, summary research papers, descriptive research papers and popular science research papers. Dissertations are mainly theoretical research and experimental research papers.
The content of theoretical research text is the most extensive, and the content of the text is different according to different research objects. Taking the exhibition problem or the problem in the existing research as the research object, the content includes the basic theory overview, the problem and its performance, the influence, the cause analysis of the problem, and the suggestions or countermeasures. Taking the relationship between a special topic and related phenomena as the research object, including definition, theorem, formula, theoretical demonstration, mathematical derivation, experimental verification and so on. It is necessary to put forward new ideas, new methods, new data and new conclusions.
Taking observation data and literature data as the research object, the contents are as follows: first, phenomena and data, analysis and comparison, essence and law, and finally draw a conclusion; One is occurrence, development, result, cause analysis, essence and law, and conclusion; First, comparative study, connection, difference, advantages and disadvantages, reasons and conclusions.
The contents of experimental research-oriented texts are materials, equipment, methods, processes, results and discussions.
2. Writing requirements of the text
General writing requirements
First, it is objective, true, scientific and complete. What must be obtained through investigation, observation and experiment, especially the quality and quantity, must be accurate and comprehensive, and must never be made out of nothing, never fabricate data, and never copy or disguise. This is the key to ensure the quality and value of the paper.
Second, the theme is single and clear. There must be only one theme, the theme expression must be concise and clear, and all contents must reflect, closely connect, highlight and strengthen the theme. This is very important for selecting, refining, arranging and organizing text content.
Third, the argument is strong. Theoretical and factual arguments are comprehensive, profound and convincing. This determines the recognition, popularization and application value of the paper.
Fourth, the logic is strict and the language is appropriate. Clear hierarchy, close connection, clear organization and powerful system. The language is accurate, rigorous, practical and fluent. This determines readability and acceptability.
Specific requirements:
1. Arguments or opinions must be concise. The language structure and number of words are basically the same.
2, the chart should be refined, self-evident. Expressing the content in a clear way should be the simplest and most appropriate alternative to written language.
3, equipment, instruments, experimental process statement, must highlight the main, key and unique.
4. Names, place names, quantifiers, symbols, numbers and formulas must meet the standards.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
The conclusion is the final and overall view or opinion of the paper. It is the sublimation or prospect of the whole text from concrete to universal, and the crystallization of the inevitable inference of the center of the whole text. It has innovative, instructive and developmental practical and theoretical values. We must attach great importance to it and write it very seriously.
1, the content of the conclusion
First, what the research results show, what the regularity is, and what the practical or theoretical significance and value are. This is often written.
The second is whether there are any exceptions or deficiencies in the research, or problems that are difficult to solve or explain for the time being. Mainly used in experimental papers.
Third, compared with other people's research or their own research, what has been changed or supplemented, expanded, discovered, confirmed or denied? According to the existing research.
2, the conclusion of the writing requirements
First, the generalization is accurate, rigorous and powerful. We must summarize the most creative, comprehensive, profound and valuable contents in the text. Language must be firm, accurate and powerful. You can't be vague and specious.
The second is to be clear, specific and consistent. Qualitative and quantitative, must be exact and specific, not vague and old-fashioned. Especially the meaning and function, can neither be exaggerated nor exaggerated, let alone reduced or belittled. It should echo the contents of the introduction and the text as the foothold of the full text.
The fourth is the discussion or suggestion and prospect of further research. Used for papers with immature or inconclusive research results.
3. Writing method of conclusion
The conclusion is written in a highly general and direct way, clean and concise. There is no need to start an argument. However, there must be a causal link and a clear hierarchy.
The conclusion of the discussion must put forward the problems, reasons and direction of the discussion, which makes people feel the necessity and value.
Literature review of intransitive verbs' references or documents
1. Reference Description Project
(1) Work: [serial number] Principal. Name of the work [m]. Other responsible persons. Version project. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication: citation page number.
(2) Continuous publications: [serial number] Principal. Title [j] Year, volume (period)-year, volume (period). Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
(3) Precipitation document in serial publication: [serial number] Principal responsible person of precipitation document. Title of precipitation file [j]. Title of serial publications: other title information, year, volume (issue): page number.
(4) precipitation literature in monograph: [serial number] the main person in charge of precipitation literature. Title of precipitation document [c]. Other person in charge of precipitation documents//main person in charge of monographs. Monograph name. Version project. Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication: page number of precipitation document. (5) Electronic document: [serial number] Principal. Title [Document Type Tag/
2. The reference type and its mark (1) mark the following reference types with single letters:
Reference general book conference
Newspapers and newspapers
Articles and periodicals
Degree of article
Essay newspaper
announcement of tender
Quasi-major
Li Hui
put forward
Gu Dan
refer to
tool
File type tag M C N J D R S P G B O K
(2) For other unspecified literature types, it is suggested to use the single letter "z".
(3) For the citation of electronic documents such as databases, computer programs and bulletin board system, it is suggested to use the following two letters as symbols:
Electronic announcement of computer program in electronic document database
Electronic document type mark DBCPEB
(4) The carrier type of electronic documents and their marks.
For electronic documents with non-paper carriers, when they are cited as references, the carrier type should be indicated in the reference type mark. It is suggested to use two letters to indicate the carrier type of electronic documents:
On-line network of magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk with electronic document carrier
Electronic document carrier type mark mt dk CD ol
Carrier type mark indicating that magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk are online.
The reference type tag including the document carrier type is expressed in the following format: [document type tag/carrier type tag]
Such as: [DB/OL] online database online;
A database on tape;
[M/CD] CD monograph;
[CP/DK] Disk software (computer program on disk);
[j/ol] serial online;
[EB/ol] Online bulletin board system.
Traditional literature with paper as the carrier does not need to indicate the carrier type when it is cited as a reference.
This is the requirement of our college for thesis writing, and the above reference can be applied to all papers. I hope it helps you.