Another name for a book.
Baicheng: Biography of Northern History Li Xiaobo: "My husband has thousands of books, why did he leave Nancheng?" Call those who have rich books "100 cities".
Shu Tian: Farming is a metaphor for reading, so books are also called "Shu Tian". The allusion comes from the poem "Wang Mai sent his nephew to Zhangpu for a thousand miles": "May the son inherit the present and Shu Tianqin broadcast it."
Classics: Classics and masterpieces generally refer to the most important and instructive works; Barnyard grass, a box for books. "The Biography of Wen Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty": "The belly is loose and the five meridians are full. But I want to sleep and think about things. " "Xu Jinling's satrap Wang Lide's political monument": "Learning is the classics, and writing is the treasure of the world." Later generations used "classics" instead of good books, and "abdomen" was a metaphor for erudition.
Ten thousand volumes: Du Fu's Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei Zuocheng: "Reading breaks ten thousand volumes and writing is like a god." Yu Boxue was used by later generations to refer to a surprising number of books.
Disaster pear jujube: a rotten article, a rotten book. In ancient times, the book was engraved with pear dates, and the poor quality articles were specially engraved, which meant that pear dates were affected. In the present words, it was unlucky.
Qian Zhongshu, Jin Wu Cang Jiao, Yan Ruyu: Song Zhenzong's "Persuasion": "Reading and reading, there are thousands of millet in Qian Qian; Read it, the book has its own golden house; Read it, there is Yan Ruyu in the book. " Feudal times often refer to books.
Five cars: five cars carry books, and there are many books. In the language "Zhuangzi Tianxia", it says, "Hui Shi has many books and five cars."
Liu Zongyuan's Tomb Table of Mr. Lu: "It is a book, but it is full of sweat." Later generations used "Khan Niu", "Chongdong" or "Khan Niu Chongdong" to borrow extremely rich books.
Lead: lead and lead powder, which were used to proofread books in ancient times. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shen collected his works to research the similarities and differences of various books, namely "Dan Lead Record". Later generations also use it to borrow books that have been proofread or verified.
Two nicknames of ancient books
First of all, toothpicks
1, Tang Hanyu's poem "Send Zhuge Jue to Suizhou to study": "Ye Houjia has many books, and the tea armor has 30,000 axes. Hang toothpicks one by one, if the novice doesn't touch them. "
2. Li, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, wrote in "The Queen of the Golden Pagoda": "The toothpick is wrapped in red yarn, and RoyceWong writes fire."
3. Bao Tingbo's poem "Holding Cai Mao" in Qing Dynasty: "The whole toothpick is endless, and the Woods beg for books."
The "toothpicks" in the above poems refer to books.
Why are ancient books called toothpicks? This is because the early forms of ancient books are mostly scrolls, and the labels hanging on the scrolls are mostly made of ivory or animal bones to distinguish A and B, and then the books are consulted through retrieval. Later, the name "toothpick" was occupied by books. In ancient times, toothpicks were called "tooth picking stick", "tooth picking stick", "tooth picking stick" and "willow stick".
Second, pear dates.
1. The ninth poem of Yuan Mei's Miscellaneous Poems on Autumn Night in Qing Dynasty: "Poor and humble, aiming at rich pears and dates".
2. Tan Qian's "Journey to the North and the History of Gong Juntai in Wu Shang" in the Ming Dynasty: "Hungry pears and thirsty dates, reading city records, and re-studying hundreds of miles away are miserable."
The above "creation" refers to books.
Books were called "calendar creation" in ancient times, which originated from printing in China. Pear and jujube are the most ideal carving materials, which not only meet the rigid requirements, but also are easy to obtain. So "Lizao" became another name for the book.
Another name for the book:
"Books are the ladder of human progress." Without books, human civilization will lose its important carrier. This paper will talk about the part of the book itself and the nicknames related to the writing process of this book.
A book, just like the human body, has its own name for each part. The cover of a book is called "cover", which is also called "text", "cover", "cover" and "book coat". The back of the cover is called "inside the cover" or "inside the cover". The back of the book is called "back cover" and "four covers", and their back covers are called "back cover" and "three covers". The binding surface of a book is called "back" or "spine". Books bound in a new way are generally printed with the title of the book, the name of the author and the name of the publishing institution. The side opposite to the back of the book is called "book mouth" and "entrepot". Thread-bound books usually mark the title, volume number, page number and so on in this place. On the back of the cover, there is a "lining page", also called an attached page, which can be divided into "double lining" and "single lining". There is a "title page" behind the cover or lining page, which was called "protection page" or "secondary page" in ancient times. The front of the title page is often printed with the title of the book, the name of the author and the name of the publishing institution; On the back of the title page, there are books version records and other matters. After the title page, start to enter the main part of the book. The part of the page printed with words and pictures is called "the heart of the page", excluding the surrounding white edges. The blank from the center of the page to the top of the book is called "Tian Tou", also known as "book eyebrow", which is usually used to criticize eyebrows when reading. The blank from the center of the edition to the root of the book is called "foot", and together with Tianshou, it is called "the head of heaven and earth"; The blank from the center to the back of the book is called "binding"
Of course, the most important part of a book is "the heart of the edition".
There are often "publication instructions" and "editor's words" in front of the text. Later, there are often "examples", also known as "examples" and "examples", which are words that explain the content and editing style of works. The "common practice" comes from Du Yu's Preface to Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Annals: "Its development is based on words and examples, and all of them are based on the customary system of the country, the national laws and the old chapters of history books." After each example, it is generally a table of contents, also known as a general entry, a general entry or a preface. Known as "the most common entry" and "the most common entry" in ancient times, it is still used to summarize the content, abstract and catalogue of a book. "Zhouyi Tianguan Sihui" said: "Anyone who is in the realm of the book is the second." Liu Xuan of the Han Dynasty made a note saying: "Books are books and contracts, and they should be everything." The note says, "The most important thing is to count how much you want, which is important." Sun Zhirang's Zhou Li Justice also said: "The most common and eye-catching."
Before or after the table of contents is a preface, also called preface or clue, also called preface, preface, preface, introduction, preface, preface, preface, preface or book head. That is, the original words, the words said earlier. "Zhuangzi Fisherman": "Mr. Dunzhe left with an introduction, greedy but unknown." Interpretation of the text: "Introduction, let's talk about it first." Ai is an ancient hat, so people use it as a preface. The short sequence after Tang Dynasty is called "preface". In Song and Su Xun, the father's name was "preface", and the inquiry text was called "citation" because it was taboo, which was used by later generations. So preface and quotation refer to the same style. Quotation is also called "introduction" or "quotation".
The text of the book is also called "this article". Among them, the text without annotations is called Bai Wen, and Zhu Ziquan's Yi Shu says: "Someone has never studied exegetics since he was a child, but only studied Bai Wen."
Many books are annotated, especially important ancient books. This annotation of pre-Qin classics began in the Han Dynasty, and these annotations are called "biography" and "annotation". For example, The Book of Songs is a biography of Mao Heng and Zheng Xuan's notes. At the beginning, "biography" and "notes" have their specific meanings. Passing refers to clarifying the meaning of classics. This note has the significance of supplementing and revising the biography. In the Tang Dynasty, new annotations appeared, which not only explained the text, but also annotated the previous annotations. This kind of annotation is generally called "sparse" or "fair".
Annotations are also called explanations, explanations or explanations. "Xie" and "Xun" have the meaning of explanation, and they are also annotations to ancient books. "Yi" refers to the interpretation of ancient language with modern words, and also refers to the original meaning of words in ancient language. "Exegetics" is often associated with "Exegetics" and is called "Exegetics" or "Exegetics". Therefore, it is also called "old saying" and "old saying", which are all interpretations of Gu Yan's ancient meaning.
Annotations are also called "chapters and sentences", that is, the meaning of chapters and sentences, and then refer to the annotations of books.
In addition to annotations such as annotations, biographies, writing, thinning, interpretation, explanation, etc. Many disyllabic words have been added in later generations, and their meanings are basically the same, such as annotation, prediction, annotation, footnote and footnote.
Behind the text, there are mostly postscript, also known as "postscript" and "postscript". Like the preface, it is a style, written by the author or others. It is often the author who expresses the joys and sorrows in the writing process, or invites his later research or colleagues to make an evaluation. If the postscript is written by an editor, it is called "compilation" or "postscript". Some books also have "index" in the postscript, which is also called "preparation", "general inspection" and "introduction" It is to write down the items or contents in books and periodicals, indicate the source and arrange them in order for easy reference.
Long before the invention of paper, there were characters in China. The written materials at that time were "Jane" and "Silk". Jane is a piece of bamboo or wood, called "za" or "Xie", and then collectively referred to as Jane. Some compendiums are called "strategies" or "volumes". Silk is the floorboard of ancient silk fabrics. It is white raw silk, all of which are writing materials. Biography of the Later Han Dynasty Cai Lun: "Since ancient times, bamboo slips have been used as the contract of books, and those who use silk are called paper." In Qing Dynasty, Yu Yue's "Book Sticking Bamboo Slips on Song People's Books in Tea Scenery Room" said: "In the early Southern Song Dynasty, scholar-officials still used bamboo slips." It can be seen that Cai Lun has not completely eliminated bamboo slips for a long time after papermaking. So these written materials were used to refer to books in ancient times. Such as: bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, book strategies, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips, bamboo slips. For example, Liu Zongyuan wrote in his poem Reading: "Who are you talking to at dusk, but you are with bamboo." Du Fu's poem "Akita": "Around the gauze cap, bamboo books are exposed." In the Qing Dynasty, Chen wrote a poem "A book friend wrote a pen to hate": "I have no ambition, but I beg for pity. If you leave bamboo slips, you will pay Heaven. "
Jane Su also has a history. Ying Shao's "Custom Pass" in the Han Dynasty said: "When Liu Xiang compiled books for the emperor, he always used bamboo slips as books to facilitate publication, and many people could write them. Today, I am reading this book and paying for it. " Later books were all called "Jane Su".
Simple books and raiders are the same, referring to both books and historical records. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Ceng Gong wrote the poem "Send Zhao": "Jane writes a short book, and high emotions enter the nymphs." Slander, honest remarks.
Compendium, abridged edition and abridged edition also refer to books. For example, Han Yu's poem Fu Nan says, "The lights are a little amiable, and the outline can be rolled up." The poem "Taimu Weishi Radius Monument" written by Chen Yuanguang in the Tang Dynasty: "Clear chastity and fame, standardize the lintel."
Bamboo slips for writing are also called "green slips" and "sweat slips". In ancient times, before writing a book with bamboo slips, bamboo slips were roasted with fire to make them sweat, making bamboo green easy to write and free from moths, so it was called Dingqing. Therefore, Bamboo Slips of Qing Dynasty, Historical Records or Khan Bamboo Slips also refer to books and history books. There is a famous saying: "Since ancient times, no one has died, and he has a heart and a history." Yan fu he: "orange fire is a close neighbor every year, and Wei zhi sweats." "
The word "Bian Wei" in the last poem comes from Historical Records Confucius Family: "Confucius likes the Book of Changes in the evening ... After reading the Book of Changes, Bian Wei has three unique works." Wei refers to a leather rope. In ancient times, the written outline was bound into a book with a leather rope, which was called "Bian Wei". Later, I called the Book of Changes Bian Wei, and then referred to all ancient books. "Bian Wei's Three Musts" means that the leather rope is broken, which shows the diligence of reading.
Similar to Wei bian, there is Qing bian, that is, Qing bian. This is a bamboo slip composed of green silks, which generally refers to history books and books.
Old bamboo is called "dead bamboo" for short, and also refers to ancient books. For example, in Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron" in the Han Dynasty: "All the students are incapable of making wonderful plans, which is far from the plan of the Xiongnu to secure the border. They hold dead bamboo and keep empty words. They don't know what to do, the times have changed and there is no basis for discussion. "
In ancient times, to write a book with silk, you must first cut it into pieces, which is called tearing. Later, "rip" became synonymous with books.
There are many kinds of silks, the white ones are called plain, and the light yellow ones are called plain or plain, which are often used in writing, so they are also called post, plain, plain, dead, plain and plain. For example, in Gao Qi's poem Lintongli in the Ming Dynasty, there is a saying that "old history is piled up with elements". Wang Anshi's poem "A Boat Looking at Jiuhua Mountain": "At that time, a cruise ship was being prepared, but now there is no raft." Luo's Preface to Yanzhou History: "I am quite simple and have little reading."
Light green (cyan silk) and silk are often used as book covers and book coats, and they are called "book", "light green", "light green" and "light green", such as Su Ai's poem "South Window": "The West House is chaotic, and the South Window begins at the beginning of the month." Chen Menglei's poem "To the Duke of Xian" says: "Let a hundred flowers blossom, and Webb will help the rich." Xiao Tong's Preface to Selected Works: "The name of a talented poet overflows in a pale bag, and his flying prose is full of enthusiasm." Cai Youshou wrote a poem entitled "Dark Room Skull Map": "Who knows the sadness here? It is only autumn that is written in the youth program. " In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Liang Jianwen wrote the poem "Ascending to the City": "The small hall is tired of books, and the huachi is tired of repairing bamboo."
"Yaobi" is the laudatory name of book cover and also refers to books. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the poem "Chang Huai Farewell Picture to Sue" said: "Yao Biaoji; My Weng also gave poems. "
In ancient times, there were also jade book envelopes called "Jian Yao", which also referred to precious books; For example, Tang Liqiao's "How to rest and congratulate the essays": "Kneeling and collecting treasures, shouldering the heavy responsibility of Yao Jian."
Precious books are also called "Jade Edition" and "Jade Bamboo Slips". Their original meaning refers to jade tablets used for carving in ancient times, and later they are used as pronouns of precious books.
In ancient times, books written on silk or paper were often woven into a core for easy preservation, and rolled into a bundle with wooden sticks (also made of gold, jade, porcelain and ivory) as shafts, which were called scrolls. So books are called "scrolls" or "scrolls". A long book is divided into several volumes, so a volume also refers to a part of a book, such as the first volume and the first volume. People used to say that a book is a book if you can't put it down. Sometimes books are also called scrolls. Han Yu's poem "Send Zhuge Jue to Suizhou to study" said: "There are many books in Ye Hou's family, and there are 30,000 axes in tea armor. Hanging toothpicks one by one, the hand touches the end is new. " 30,000 axes means 30,000 volumes. A toothpick is a label made of dental bone and tied next to a book as a logo. Therefore, "toothpick" and "shaft label" have become synonymous with books. There is a sentence in Lu You's poem "Reading on a Winter Night" that "the whole toothpick is a squid". In ancient times, several volumes of books were often rolled into a bundle and packed in cloth or bags, which were called books or letters, that is, book covers. So "volume", "signature" and "signature letter" are also called books. For example, Lu You's poem "Host told him to move to the mountains and rivers of Li Mingfu" said: "The flowers are full, and the children are poor."
Books are afraid of moths. There just happens to be a herb called Ruxiang. Its leaves and flowers have a strong smell, so books can be called "unsuccessful", "unsuccessful" or "unsuccessful" when they are published. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gao Ming's "The Story of the Pipa, the Deputy Ends": "Qiu Guang Yan Bi, Night Case Compilation." There are two more sentences in this play: "The yellow scroll seems to eliminate the day, and the red string moves to attract the breeze." The yellow scroll also refers to books. Yang said in the proofreading of Bao Puzi: "The ancients wrote books with paper and dyed them with yellow tiller juice to prevent moths, so the book was called yellow roll."
When writing with bamboo slips, officials also stipulate that the laws are two feet four inches long, and those who don't are one foot two inches long. Usually they take integers and say "ruler book", which also refers to books. For example, Wang Hanchong's Lun Heng Shu Jie: "Although Qin has no way, it does not burn philosophers, and philosophers are full of books and articles." (Burning the fan sounds annoying. Burn it. )
Ancient books and woodcut books are square, and bamboo slips and slips together are called books or strategies. Therefore, Fang Shu and Fang Ce also refer to books. For example, The Book of Rites, The Doctrine of the Mean, says, "I mourn the public and ask about politics, and Confucius says,' The politics of civil and military affairs are also in the plan.' "
Twelve years of Zuo Gong: "I can read three graves, five classics, eight categories and nine hills." Du pre-note: "All ancient book names." There are different opinions about what these ancient books are, and there is no evidence. It can be regarded as an important ancient book. So many nicknames of ancient books are derived from this. Such as "Fenqiu" (the combination of three graves and nine hills), "Fensuo" (the combination of three graves and eight tombs), "Fendian" and "Fenfen" (the combination of three graves and five tombs) all refer to ancient books. In addition, such as Tomb Raider, Tomb Raider, Tomb Raider, and Tomb Raider History also refer to ancient books. Among them, the history of grave robbery refers to ancient books and history books. "Bao Puzi Yimin": "It is a good thing to read the grave and write a book." Pan Yue in Yang Jingzhou in Jin Dynasty: "Go to the grave and concentrate on Confucianism."
In addition, canon, canon, elegance, classics, canon art, canon, classic, canon biography, classic, classic and book canon are all called ancient books. "Classic" and "classic" commonly used in modern times refer to authoritative works.
The Book of Songs and Shangshu were two important ancient books in the past, so later generations often called them "poetry books". Like a cloud, "reading poetry books."
Books are usually called "books", "books" and "books". The ancients also used plowing as a metaphor for reading, calling books "book fields". For example, in the Song Dynasty, Wang Mai's poem "Send my nephew to Zhangpu for a thousand miles" said: "May my son inherit the present, and Shutian will work hard to sow."
In addition to the names and nicknames of books themselves, there are many nicknames aimed at some related matters in the process of book writing.
From writing to publishing, the author devoted a lot of effort to a book. In the process of writing, the author should not only be good at material selection and layout, but also pay attention to language polishing. After the manuscript is written, it must be revised repeatedly. In the process of revising the manuscript, teachers and friends are sometimes asked to criticize and correct. Please correct me. Naturally, we need sincere attitude and modest language. At this time, we should use some modest words such as "axe correction", "should be corrected", "cut correction", "brush cutting" and "painting B". There is a story in Guan Zi's Axe Correction, Ying Zheng and Zhuangzi Xu Wugui: There is a man with a little dirt on his nose, which is as big as a fly's wing. He asked a stonemason to cut with him. The stonemason swung his axe, and its body was shining with silver, but when he saw that the ugly part of the tip of the nose was completely removed, his nose was straight and not injured. Since then, people have regarded "correction" and "revision" as modest words, asking people to revise the article, which means that a skilled craftsman can make the manuscript colorful. Lu Xun's Letter to Zeng Tian: A Preface to the History of China's Novels is presented ... praying for a big correction. Wei Jirui's Thirteen Pieces of Paper with Children once introduced this point in detail: "People have qualities for people with words, which is called right. It is also right to suddenly read politics and change its name to politics. Those who are righteous will cut, that is, cut politics. I also saw the axe, so I cut it and turned it to correct it. There is no better person than English. He tends to speak English politics or simply English. " Su Shu and Liu Zhishu: "My poem can't help but be overjoyed." There was no paper in ancient times, and bamboo slips or wooden boards were generally used as books. When you encounter a mistake, cut it off with a knife and correct it with a pen. Later, people called the revision of the text "cutting pen" or "cutting politics". Historical records. Confucius said, "As for the Spring and Autumn Annals, a pen is a pen, and a cut is a cut. People in Xia Xia cannot help but praise. "
The drawing is erased, and B is a sketch. So "smearing" is also used to refer to deleting articles. The original meaning of "elegance" is correct, so the ancients also used the word "elegance" when asking people to revise articles. Today, we often use the words "correction" or "teaching". "Words without words are not far away." If you want to be literary and coquettish, you need to polish it. "retouching" is also called "retouching", "decoration" and "algae decoration", all of which mean to make it literary. Wang Song Anshi's poem "When the West Wall is Straight": "Today's discussion is beautiful, and learning articles is more mellow." Zhu Peng also said, "Polish it and give it a gift." Cai's writing style is greatly appreciated in Song Shi Cai: "Carry the writing style without polishing." Liu Xie once quoted Zhuang Zhouyan in Wen Xin Diao Long Cai Qing: "Distinguishing and carving everything is called algae decoration."
Revising an article is often more important than writing it. It needs careful choice of words and careful carving. It is often "sing a word and break a few stalks." Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, got a sentence on the donkey one day: "Birds live in trees by the pool, and monks knock at the door." At first, I wanted to use the word "push" and "knock", but I hesitated and hummed on the donkey, always making a thoughtful gesture. I walked half a block unconsciously. The onlookers were surprised, but Jia Dao turned a blind eye until I ran into Hanyu's driver. Han Yu was about to blame Jia Dao when Jia Dao explained that he accidentally got a couplet and the word Yin An was undecided, which offended Shangguan. Please forgive me. Han Yu immediately thought for a long time and said to Jia Dao, "Why don't you type?" Later, people called it "careful consideration", that is, careful choice of words and repeated consideration.
Ancient alchemy said that after alchemy, iron stone can be turned into gold. Later, people used the metaphor of "turning stone into gold" to decorate the article and turn decay into magic. There is a passage in Song and Huang Tingjian's "Answering Documents": "The ancients can be writers and really cultivate everything. Although their calligraphy takes the words of the ancients, it is like a panacea. "A painter touches a pen and paints with a brush. This is called contact dyeing. Later, it was also used as a metaphor to modify words. The article has been polished and revised before it can be circulated for a long time.
The process of organizing, modifying, deleting and adding an article or a book step by step before it is finalized is the editing process. Clips are also called "clips" or "clips". Ren Fang prefaced the Collection of Wang Wenxian, saying, "It is to write the posthumous work and make it last forever." When commenting on Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Li Xian said: "Compilation is secondary. That is, they are arranged in turn and cut as above, which is a bamboo slip. "
Articles or manuscripts need proofreading before going to press. Collation is also called proofreading, proofreading and proofreading. That is to correct mistakes in the manuscript against reliable data. Some books have several editions. When one edition is used as the base edition, it needs to be revised with reference to other editions. This is called "participating in proofreading". Ancient books need punctuation when proofreading before publication today, so they are called "proofreading". In ancient times, when collating characters, red lead and lead powder were used, so they were called "red lead" and "catalpa", which means rigid. Ancient books were all carved with wooden boards before printing, and they are called "Fu Zi", which is still in use today.
After a series of tedious work, a book was finally published, just like a mother who was pregnant in October and finally gave birth to a child, so people used "coming out" to refer to the publication of books.
Stories of ancient celebrities reading books
Ouyang xiu borrowed scriptures.
Ouyang Xiu, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, was gifted since childhood, and his father died at the age of four. Because the family is poor, there is no money to buy paper and pens at home. In order to let her son learn to write and practice calligraphy, Zheng, Ouyang Xiu's mother, came up with a clever way to teach Xiao Ouyang Xiu to write with grass instead of a brush. And taught him to read many ancient chapters. When I am old and have no books to read at home, I go to a nearby reader's house to borrow books, and sometimes I copy them.
In this way, day and night, sleepless, just concentrate on reading. Ouyang Xiu worked hard, learned a good hand and became a well-known child prodigy. This kind of hard work also influenced his little friend Li, and he took Li on the road to study.