On How to Teach China's Ancient Poems (Completely Revised Edition) There are a lot of ancient poems in the current Chinese textbooks for middle schools. These poems are not only rich in thoughts and feelings, but also profound in meaning, fresh and natural, well-known and highly artistic and aesthetic. This is of great significance to the education of students' aesthetic consciousness and the improvement of their aesthetic ability. Then, how to carry out the teaching of ancient poetry and realize the teaching goal of ancient poetry? In this regard, we believe that according to students' knowledge structure and age characteristics, combined with the characteristics of ancient poetry, we can do it from the following aspects: First, pay attention to reading aloud and feel the beauty of pronunciation. Chinese is a language full of musical beauty. The phonetic level of Chinese mainly includes rhythm and melody. Rhythm is the regular fluctuation of the length, height and weight of Chinese pronunciation in a certain period of time; Rhythm is an internal harmonious state formed by the coordination of Chinese tone (flat tone in ancient poetry), intonation and rhyme. The rhythm is the life of poetry. As far as metrical poems are concerned, five-character poems have three rhythms in each sentence, seven-character poems have four rhythms, and occasionally tones alternate in one sentence. Rhyme is a phonetic phenomenon, in which the vowels between adjacent or alternating lines or sentence endings are the same or similar. They are harmonious and unified together, producing the beauty of sound or music. It not only gives readers a sense of psychological pleasure, but also conveys a specific charm and shows a specific meaning. For example, Li Bai's "Emei Mountain Moon Song": "In the autumn of the first half of Emei Mountain, the shadow entered the Pingqiang River. Qingxi went to the Three Gorges at night, and the four gentlemen did not see Yuzhou. " This is a quatrain of seven words, with four rhythms, each line is flat and regular, forming a sense of ups and downs, and the rhyme of "autumn", "flow" and "state" makes the whole poem produce a harmonious melody. This not only enhances the sense of rhythm and melody of poetry, but also better expresses the author's inner feelings. In China, classical poetry also has its own unique phonological features, such as Li Bai's masterpiece "Difficult Road to Shu". In order to better express emotions, prose sentence patterns are used in language use, and words such as "Tian", "Ran", "Yan" and "Dian" are used to make them overlap in phonology, and repeatedly sigh "Difficult Road to Shu". Therefore, there is also a sense of rhythm and rhythmic beauty in the scattered poems. As the ancients commented on this poem: "Beauty is ups and downs." However, the beauty of pronunciation can only be truly felt in reading aloud and enjoyed aesthetically. Second, pay attention to words and feel the beauty of refined words. Literature is a language art .. Poetry, especially China's ancient poems, should express as much content as possible in a short space, especially delicate language. Wu Qiao said in "Poems Around the Furnace": "Poetry is expensive and lively, but it dies cheap." The "verb sentence" and "verb" (verb word) in poetry are like the finishing touch, which can make the artistic image of the whole poem come alive and give it life function. In other words, language should have life, and living language should form a living artistic image. For example, Yang Wanli's "Little Pond": "The spring eyes are silent and cherish the trickle, and the shade of the trees shines on the water and loves to be fine and soft. Xiao He just showed his sharp corner, and the dragonfly had already stood on his head. " In the poem, "spring eyes" and "trickle" are all marked with the word "pity", "shade" and "small pool" are all marked with the word "love", and the beautiful realm is self-evident. What a dynamic situation this is. It not only shows the universal connection between things, but also gives life to things and turns ruthlessness into sentience. Another example is Du Fu's poem, "The waves in the river are surging, and the clouds cover the fog." The "surge" and "connection" in poetry not only make poetry lively, but also greatly enhance its vivid vitality. If we can grasp these keywords in teaching, it will not only help to improve students' understanding and perception of poetry, but also help to improve students' feeling ability. Thirdly, attaching importance to images and improving the understanding of beautiful images are the most basic and important concepts in China's aesthetics, and are also important factors in the composition of lyric literature. In his works, image is "the carrier of emotion, the artistic symbol of the poet's spiritual transformation" and belongs to "second nature". Images are symbolic and emotional, and are often used in lyric literature. As far as China's poetry culture is concerned, many images not only contain rich and unique emotions, but also condense the connotation of China culture and have powerful expressive functions. Once an image is produced or fixed by a poet's repeated use, it naturally accumulates corresponding cultural connotations, which are not only profound in emotion, but also permeated with rationality and become the carrier of some thoughts and feelings. In this way, poets can freely choose according to their own needs; When readers read these figurative words, it is easy to have corresponding emotional experience and rational thinking. In poetry, "folding willow", "Nanpu", "pavilion", "falling", "fallen leaves", "lonely sail", "floating clouds", "sunset", "autumn day" and "moonlight" are often related to parting from sorrow and hate, and become symbols to express the parting of lovesickness. For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Die Lian Hua" in the Song Dynasty: "How deep is the courtyard? Willow piles of smoke, the curtain is not heavy ... Tears ask flowers without words, and red flies over the swing. " The image of "courtyard" in Ci poetry, in China's ancient poems, has the image meaning of "expressing young women's resentment of missing people". Poets use it to control the following images: willows, piles of cigarettes, curtains, tearful eyes, red streaks, swings and so on. They are skillfully combined to form a profound artistic conception, thus showing the complex inner feelings of thinking about women in the boudoir. Fourth, pay attention to artistic conception and feel the artistic conception of emotional beauty "refers to the spiritualized life scene in poetry." It is formed by the organic combination of image and imagery. "(Hu's Introduction to Literary Appreciation) Wang Guowei, an ancient Chinese literary critic, said in" Words on Earth "that" the scenery is not unique, but the joys and sorrows are also in people's hearts ". Artistic conception is "second nature", therefore, it has the characteristics of scene blending, virtual and real, full of life and endless charm. The space-time form (also called "field") formed by the combination of image and image makes poetry form "empty frame structure" and "calling structure". This structure is the unity of form and content, and the beauty in the middle calls readers to imagine and think, so that readers can wander among them and feel the infinite aesthetic implication and charm contained in poetry. For example, in Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue, it can be said that the life scene described in the poem cannot exist in real life, and this picture of "fishing alone in the cold snow" is the "second nature" conjured up in the poet's mind. It appeals to readers to think and imagine. There is a lofty and aloof image in my mind, from which I feel a spiritual realm it contains-the pursuit of spiritual freedom and freedom of action. It can be said that the artistic conception of this poem is far-reaching and the meaning is more profound. Therefore, in teaching, paying attention to the artistic conception of poetry can not only feel the perfect and harmonious artistic beauty of poetry, but also gain endless emotional beauty in implicit implication. Fifth, pay attention to techniques and feel the beauty of techniques. Artistic technique or skill is the embodiment of formal beauty. According to modern literary thought, a certain form (skill) is not only helpful to express thoughts and feelings, but also shows certain significance in itself. It can be said that in the art of poetry, the artistic form and the content of the work complement each other and together form an organic whole. The formation of poetic implication and artistic conception is related to the poet's clever use of certain artistic techniques (skills). It can be said that certain artistic skills are indispensable in poetry creation. Clever use of these artistic techniques will not only help to improve the image and artistry of poetry, enhance the artistic expression effect, but also better express the poet's thoughts and feelings. The common artistic techniques or techniques in poetry include sketch, metaphor, exaggeration, foil, personification, symbol and so on. In poetry creation, for example, Li Bai's Sleeping in the Mountain Temple: "A dangerous building is 100 feet high, and you can pick up stars with your hands. Dare not speak loudly for fear of scaring people. "The poet used exaggerated writing. Wang Anshi's plum blossom uses the technique of foil. It sets off Bai Mei, which indicates spring, with white snow in winter. Snow is noble, but Bai Mei is open in the cold, braving the snow, and it has a delicate fragrance, which is nobler than snow. In these poems, we can feel that the poet's use of artistic techniques or techniques not only enhances the image of the poem, but also gives life to inanimate things, gives life to the poem and skillfully expresses thoughts and feelings. From the student's point of view, if you understand these artistic skills, it will not only help you understand the meaning of poetry, but also learn how to carry out aesthetic methods, thus improving your aesthetic ability. Sixth, knowing people and discussing the world, feeling the deep beauty "Knowing people and discussing the world" is a literary appreciation method proposed by Mencius. Mencius said, "recite his poems and read his books. I wonder who he is and what he is?" It is based on its world, but it still exists. Lu Xun, a master of modern literature, said, "If you want a paper, you'd better consider the whole article, as well as the author's whole person and his social state. This is more conclusive. Otherwise it's easy to talk about dreams. "They all stressed that in literary appreciation, we must understand the author's personality, life experience, social environment and so on. 1. The literary works of knowing people and discussing the world are the reflection of a certain social life and the writer's life course in the writer's mind. The life reflected in the works is generally the social life that the writer feels, experiences, understands and knows, and some contents are even the writer's personal experience. Therefore, when appreciating the theme of literary works, it is very important to understand the writer's experience, thoughts and creative intentions for a deeper understanding of the theme of literary works. For example, Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue": Hundreds of mountains have no birds, and thousands of paths have no footprints. A boat on the river, a fisherman wearing his webworm moth; Fishing alone is not afraid of snow and ice. This poem was written by Liu Zongyuan when he came to Yongzhou after being relegated to the innovative group led by Wang. Due to the failure of innovation, the poet was exiled. Although he went to Jiangnan at this time, the conservatives did not stop attacking and persecuting him politically. Facing the harsh political environment, Liu Zongyuan never gave in. Therefore, I wrote a song "Jiang Xue" to express my thoughts and feelings. In the poem, the author depicts the image of an old fisherman dressed in hemp fiber and hat, who is not afraid of cold and snow and fishes alone by the river. When we read this poem, we didn't think it was a real person or thing. Therefore, the old fisherman is the focus of poetry. Objectively speaking, the old fisherman is a symbol. He is a poet's spiritual character to show his integrity and uncompromising in adversity. 2. Literary works about the world are the result of the author's feelings about real life or his perception of life. In his works, no matter whether the writer writes realistic themes, historical themes or mythical themes, they are the embodiment or externalization of the spirit of the times in which he lives, and they are inevitably directly or indirectly branded with the times. Therefore, in literary appreciation, we should pay attention to the historical background of the work, that is, under what historical background the work was written. For example, Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" were written under the special background of "An Shi Rebellion". Only by recognizing this, can we feel the significance of poetry and the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people. For another example, the main content of Nineteen Ancient Poems is to reflect the thoughts and feelings of the intellectuals of the small and medium-sized landlord class in the turmoil at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Poetry not only expresses the melancholy of wandering women leaving acacia, but also expresses the thought of impermanence of life, the suppression of fame and fortune, and the idea of eating, drinking and having fun in time. I don't know the author of the poem now, so I understand these ideas like this? In this regard, if we can discuss the world, the problem will be solved. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty in history, the political darkness, the frustration of literati and the prevalence of Taoist thought naturally bred the idea of impermanence in life, eating, drinking and having fun. Therefore, in teaching, paying attention to understanding others and exploring the world plays an important role in students' understanding of the deep meaning of works. In short, in the teaching of ancient poetry, grasping the artistic image is the premise, grasping the artistic skills is the key, and analyzing the words is the foundation. As long as we pay attention to the characteristics of poetry, it will help to improve the teaching effect of ancient poetry and effectively realize the teaching goal of Chinese.