Commentary 1: plans and strategies to guide the overall situation of the war.
Explanation 2: About the comprehensiveness of the war.
Interpretation 3: Metaphor determines the overall strategy.
The following is an article about strategy:
Different thinkers have slightly different definitions of war, and the content of strategy keeps pace with the times, and the definition changes accordingly. The ideal way is to think for yourself and then define what a strategy is.
Mao Zedong's explanation is: Fight if you win, and run if you don't win.
A master plan to guide the overall situation of the war. It usually refers to military strategy, that is, the principles, strategies and methods of preparing and implementing war formulated and adopted by the war director department according to the laws of war in order to achieve the political goals of war.
The main problems to be studied and solved in the strategy are: the evaluation of the situation at home and abroad and the analysis of the military, political, economic, geographical and scientific factors of the opposing sides; Judging the possible outbreak of war, the nature, characteristics and development trend of war; Determination of strategic policy, strategic task, strategic direction, strategic stage and main business forms; Division of war zones; Battlefield preparation; Construction of the armed forces; Military thought and technology research; Development, reserve and strategic rear construction of strategic resources; The layout of national defense industry and the development and updating of weapons and equipment; The establishment of mobilization system; Planning and implementation of national defense projects; The formation and perfection of strategic command system; Determination of operation sequence; Organization of strategic coordination; The use of strategic reserves; The deployment of strategic reserves, and how to grasp the overall hub and link, timely implement strategic changes, seize the strategic initiative, and so on.
In ancient China, strategy was often called strategy, strategy, strategy, general plan, strategy and so on. Sima Biao's historical works named "Strategy" appeared in the Western Jin Dynasty. The English word strategy, which corresponds to "strategy", comes from the Greek strategy, which means "general tactics" or "general tactics". In modern times, strategy has developed into an important research field of military science all over the world. The scope of modern strategy is expanding day by day, and western countries have put forward the concepts of "grand strategy", "national strategy" and "global strategy" one after another. The word "strategy" is used in various fields, such as political strategy, economic strategy, science and technology strategy, diplomatic strategy, population strategy, resource strategy, sports strategy and so on.
Strategy is related to the social production mode in a certain historical period. It depends on social material production, the level of scientific and technological development and people's consciousness, and serves the basic policies stipulated by the state or political groups. The country's social system, political, economic and military strength and subjective guidance play a decisive role in the formulation and implementation of the strategy. The strategy is also closely related to the country's natural conditions, geographical location, area, population, resources and transportation, as well as the topography, hydrology and weather in the combat area.
Strategy, campaign and tactics are global and local. Strategy plays a guiding and restricting role in campaigns and tactics. At the same time, the realization of strategic attempts depends on the victory of campaigns and tactics.
The basic types of strategy are offensive strategy and defensive strategy. Many countries regard the correct determination of war objectives and operational objectives, as well as issues such as initiative, flexibility, unified command, centralized saving of troops, mobility, sudden and rapid response, as the general principles of strategy. All these reflect a certain consistency of strategic thinking. However, due to the different nature of war, different political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological conditions, different ethnic, religious and military traditions, and even the personal qualities of commanders, the strategies of different times and countries have different characteristics. To study the war strategies of different historical stages, different regions, different nationalities and different natures, we should focus on their characteristics and development.
China's revolutionary war strategy is an important part of Mao Zedong's military thought, and it is a strategy of implementing the United front and relying on the people's army to carry out the people's war under the leadership of the Chinese Production Party. Tested by long-term war practice, it is rich in content. It is the application and development of Marxist-Leninist principles and principles on war and strategy in China. The basic theoretical principles of China's revolutionary war strategy are as follows: ① Study the war realistically, guide the war, and make the war guidance conform to the objective reality. This is the foothold of the revolutionary war strategy. (2) The military strategy obeys and serves the line, principles and basic policies of China's * * * production party, aiming at liberating the people and establishing and defending a new country under the people's democratic dictatorship, which is the fundamental starting point of the revolutionary war strategy. (3) Mobilizing and organizing the masses to wage a people's war is the basis of the revolutionary war strategy. Despise the enemy strategically and attach importance to the enemy tactically. ⑤ Actively defend and fight for a long time. This is the guiding principle for overall control of the revolutionary war. ⑥ Concentrate superior forces and annihilate the enemy one by one. This is the main method to implement the active defense strategy.
The full implementation of the revolutionary war strategy also depends on the correct application of many other guiding principles, such as the ingenious application of three forms of war: mobile warfare, guerrilla warfare and positional warfare; Timely and correctly implement strategic changes; Seize the opportunity of decisive battle; Implement a highly centralized, unified, stable and efficient strategic command, and make thorough and sufficient preparations for war in accordance with the principle of "combining peacetime with wartime and making overall plans". Many basic principles of revolutionary war strategy must be developed and applied according to different historical conditions, and specific strategic action guidelines must be formulated according to the new situation to guide the war to victory.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the People's Liberation Army, in accordance with the requirements of modern warfare, has continuously reformed the establishment, system, education and training of its troops, strengthened the construction of services and arms, developed high-tech military technology and developed new weapons, and built itself into a modern and regular revolutionary army. Efforts should be made to effectively solve various new situations and problems in war guidance, so as to enrich and develop the strategic thinking of people's war with China characteristics and active defense under the new historical conditions, make all preparations for the future anti-aggression war, and make due contributions to safeguarding world peace and promoting human progress.
The key of medieval military strategy lies in controlling the economic base of wealth, because the latter means how many troops can be used on the battlefield at that time. In the early Middle Ages, because all the wealth came from farmland and pasture, the countryside was the main attack and defense area. With the development of the times, towns have gradually evolved into important control points and become the center of wealth through trade and industry.
The attack and defense of castles is often an important element of war, because they guard agricultural land. Soldiers living in the castle will control the neighborhood. With the development of towns, they also need to build fortifications. Defending and occupying towns has gradually become more important than fighting for castles.
Troops on the battlefield will use tactics to gain important defensive points and attack rural areas, or prevent the enemy from taking the same military action. Field battles usually last until the enemy's aggression is shattered. For example, at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the Anglo-Saxons fought to stop the Norman invasion. However, the Anglo-Saxons failed, and the Normans, under the leadership of William, gradually established control over England in the following years of conquest. In the Battle of Lechfield in 955, the Germans fought against the invaders from Madzar in the east. Under the leadership of Otto I, the German army won a decisive victory and ended Madzar's invasion. In 732, Charlie the Hammer defeated the Moors, ended the Muslim invasion and extended his influence to Spain.
The Battle of Crist, the Battle of Potier and the Battle of Jacques Zenko were the anti-Japanese actions that the French tried to stop the British invasion during the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France, but the French failed in these three battles, which enabled the British to invade continuously. However, in this case, the British invasion failed to establish permanent control, and France finally won the war.
Crusaders tried to seize and maintain important strongholds in the holy land in order to maintain control of the area. Many battles during the Crusade were aimed at breaking through the control of the other side. Under the leadership of Saladin, the Saracens won the Battle of Harding in 1 187, paving the way for the recovery of Jerusalem.
Strategy is the general strategy to plan and guide the overall situation of war. That is, based on the analysis and judgment of the international situation and the political, military, economic, scientific and technological, geographical and other factors of the opposing sides, scientifically predict the occurrence and development of war, formulate strategic principles, principles and plans, plan war preparations, and guide the principles and methods followed in the implementation of war.
Strategy comes from war practice and has been used in the military field for a long time. Its original meaning is military strategy. Policies can be classified according to different standards. According to the social and historical period, it can be divided into ancient strategy, modern strategy and modern strategy; According to the nature of operations, there are offensive strategies and defensive strategies; According to the types of weapons used, there are conventional war strategy and nuclear war strategy (see nuclear strategy); According to the service, there are army strategy, navy strategy and air force strategy; According to the duration of the operation, there are quick decision strategy and lasting strategy, and so on.
All the general contents related to the preparation and implementation of war and the construction and use of military forces are problems to be studied and solved by strategy. Mainly: the struggle to stop and postpone the war; Long-term preparation and preparation; Strategic leadership and command after the outbreak of war; Strategic decision-making and disposal to end the war.
As soon as there is a war in human society, it gradually forms a strategy. In ancient China, the overall planning and guidance of the war was expressed by specific terms such as strategy, strategy and general plan. In 26 BC, Emperor Han Chengdi ordered Hong Ren, an infantry captain, to proofread The Art of War. Hong Ren classified military books into four categories: military tactics, military situation, military yin and yang and military skills, in which military tactics are about strategy. The word "strategy" first appeared in the book "strategy" written by Sima Biao, a historian in the early Western Jin Dynasty, and then appeared frequently in the history books such as the History of the Three Kingdoms and the Examination of Strategy in the Twenty-first History. The core meanings of these terms are similar to those of modern strategy, but they are not strictly divided into combat art and tactics, and sometimes they also include political and diplomatic strategies and tactics, and their use is not uniform. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, China began to translate the western word "strategy" with "strategy". In 1930s, Mao Zedong pointed out in "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China": "Strategic issues are things that study the general laws of war." Mao Zedong's exposition on strategy laid the foundation for the definition of modern China's strategy. The English word "strategy" comes from the Greek word "strategia". Frontinus, an ancient Roman military theorist, wrote the Strategic Policy as early as 84-96 AD.
Analyze strategic success stories for generals to improve their ability to plan and direct wars. The East Roman (Byzantine) emperor Maurice wrote a military textbook for training senior generals around 580 AD, called "Strategicon", which means the art of commanding a road or commanding a general, which is different from the strategic name. At the end of 18, A.H.D von Biro of Prussia distinguished strategy from tactics in his book "The Spiritual Essence of the New War System" and defined it: "Strategy is the science of military operations beyond the line of sight and beyond the range of artillery; Tactics is the science of conducting military operations within the above scope. " (On Bourgeois Military Science, page 30, Military Science Press, 1985) Prussian C von clausewitz defined strategy as "using combat to achieve the purpose of war." (On War, vol. 1, pp. 175, Commercial Press, 1978) Swiss A.H. Jomini thinks: "Strategy is the art of fighting on the map, and it is the art of studying the whole war zone." (Introduction to the Art of War, page 87, People's Liberation Army Press, 1986) The definition of American military strategy approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff is: "The art and science of using a country's armed forces to achieve national policy goals through the use or threat of use of force." The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain defines strategy as "the science and art of using military means to achieve war goals in war." Japan's World Encyclopedia defines strategy as "the science and strategy of using strength to achieve specific goals." The definition of strategy in the Soviet military encyclopedia is: "The component and highest field of military art, which includes the theory and practice of preparing for war, planning and conducting wars and strategic campaigns by the state and armed forces." There are many names about strategy in ancient and modern China and abroad, with different nature and definition, but there are similarities; That is to say, it refers to the general plan to build and use military forces with the army as the main body, to plan and guide the overall preparation and implementation of the war in order to achieve certain political goals and serve the interests of certain classes, countries, nationalities and political groups in a certain period of time. With the development of strategic theory, some western countries have emerged higher-level grand strategies, national strategies, national defense strategies and related development strategies. The concept of strategy has extended beyond the military field and has been used for reference by many other fields, generally referring to the strategy of high-level decision-making with overall significance.
Strategy plays an important role. It is the fundamental military policy of the country, the main basis of military activities, and an important guarantee for using military power to support and cooperate with the country in political, economic and diplomatic struggles. It guides wartime and peacetime; It not only guides the use of military forces, but also guides the construction of military forces; It not only guides the preparation and implementation of the war and wins the war, but also guides the containment of the war and the maintenance of peace. Whether the strategy is correct or not determines the outcome of the war, which is related to the rise and fall of the honor and disgrace of the country and the nation. Strategy plays a guiding role in combat art and tactics, and combat art and tactics also have an important influence on strategy.
Constraint strategy is restricted by many factors, mainly:
Political factors Politics plays a commanding and dominating role in the strategy, determines the nature and purpose of the strategy, endows it with tasks and requirements, and influences the formulation, implementation and adjustment of the strategy. Strategy obeys and serves politics, meets the requirements of politics and completes the tasks entrusted by politics. Formulate and implement strategies, emphasize politics, fully consider the political situation, strategic political objectives and policy requirements of the opposing sides, and be good at using political means.
Military factors are mainly military strength and military ideology. The strength of military power has a great influence on the scale, duration, activity mode and outcome of the war, and plays a direct role in the completion of strategic tasks and the realization of strategic goals. Whether military thinking is advanced or not is very important for formulating and implementing correct strategies and winning wars. To formulate and implement the strategy, we should use advanced military ideas, try to correctly estimate the military situation of the opposing sides, take active measures, effectively enhance military strength, and create conditions for completing strategic tasks and achieving strategic goals.
Economic factor strategy is based on a certain productivity and develops with the development of productivity. Economy can promote the development of strategy, improve the ability of strategy to bear and cope with environmental changes, and enhance the selectivity of combat means. Economy restricts the selection and determination of strategic objectives, strategic direction, strategic focus and war scale. When formulating and implementing the strategy, we must consider the economic situation of the opposing sides. Contradictions and conflicts in economic interests are the basic reasons for the outbreak of wars and military conflicts. The purpose pursued by the strategy is, in the final analysis, to maintain or obtain certain economic benefits.
Scientific and technological factors Science and technology are the primary productive forces and combat effectiveness. The existing scientific and technological level of the opposing sides is one of the important basis for formulating and implementing the strategy. The wide application of modern high-tech and new weapons and equipment in the military has caused a series of changes in the way of war outbreak, scale, intensity, process, stage, duration and outcome, and triggered the development and changes of strategic thinking, combat methods, combat means and strategic theory. Actively develop high and new technologies, update weapons and equipment, provide reliable material conditions for realizing the strategy, and foresee the impact of scientific and technological development on the strategy to meet the needs of the strategy.
Geographical factors Geographical factors are directly related to national security. The geographical location, area, population, resources, transportation and other conditions of a country affect the strength and effectiveness of military forces. The country's geographical location, topography, meteorology, hydrology and surrounding geographical environment have great influence on the construction of arms and services, the development direction of weapons and equipment, battlefield construction, combat forms, combat actions, strategic command and strategic thinking. Formulate and implement strategies, emphasize the geographical factors of the opposing sides, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and strive to adapt weapons and equipment and combat methods to the characteristics of the battlefield geographical environment.
The constituent elements of the constituent element strategy mainly include:
Strategic purpose Strategic purpose is the expected result of strategic action and the starting point and destination of formulating and implementing strategy. The strategic purpose is determined according to the strategic situation and the needs of national interests. Different countries and armies have different strategic objectives. For a country that pursues a defense strategy, it is the basic purpose of the strategy to safeguard the fundamental interests, long-term interests and overall interests of the country and the nation, especially the territorial sovereignty integrity and unity of the country. It is scientific and feasible to determine the strategic purpose, emphasize the combination of need and possibility, conform to the national line, principles and policies, adapt to the overall national goal and national strength, and meet the basic requirements of the country to safeguard its own interests in a certain period of time.
Strategic policy The strategic policy is the policy that guides the overall situation of the war, the program that guides military actions, and the basic basis for formulating strategic plans. It was formulated on the basis of analyzing the international strategic situation and various factors of the war between hostile parties, and it has a strong pertinence. We should adopt different strategic policies for wars with different goals and conditions. In addition to the general strategic policy, it is also necessary to formulate specific strategic policies in each period or war to determine strategic tasks, strategic priorities, main strategic directions, deployment and use of troops, and so on.
Strategic strength Strategic strength is the material basis and pillar of strategy. It is based on the country's comprehensive national strength and takes military strength as the core. On the basis of developing economy, science and technology, according to the strategic objectives and policy requirements, determine the scale, development direction and focus of its construction, and coordinate its development with the comprehensive strength of the country.
Strategic Measures Strategic measures are the overall strategic reassurance for preparing for and conducting wars, and are all kinds of overall practical methods and steps taken by strategic decision-making bodies in politics, military affairs, diplomacy, economy, science and technology and strategic leadership and command according to the needs of wars.
The characteristics of the basic characteristic strategy are mainly manifested in:
The overall situation is the overall situation of the strategy, which requires high-level planning and decision-making. There are major and relatively independent fields that need to take care of all aspects and stages. On the whole, in space, the whole world, a country, a war zone and an independent strategic direction can all be a strategic overall situation. The overall situation is also reflected in time, which runs through all stages and the whole process of guiding the preparation and implementation of war. Strategic leaders and commanders should focus on the overall situation, take care of the overall situation, handle all kinds of relations in the overall situation, grasp the main contradictions and solve key problems; At the same time, pay attention to understanding and caring about local areas, especially paying attention to solving local problems that are decisive to the overall situation.
Class war is a continuation of politics and has a strong political purpose. Any strategy reflects the fundamental interests of a certain class, nation, country or political group, embodies their line, principles and policies, serves their political purposes and has a distinct class nature.
Antagonistic formulation and implementation strategies should aim at certain goals. It is the basic content of strategic planning to determine the appropriate strategic purpose, build and use combat forces in a targeted manner, master the characteristics and laws of struggle, adopt various forms and methods of struggle, and restrain the enemy's strengths, attack its weaknesses, and foster strengths and avoid weaknesses in order to achieve the expected combat effect.
Foresight is the premise of planning and the basis of decision. On the basis of extensive investigation and study, through comprehensive analysis, correct judgment and scientific prediction of the international and domestic strategic environment, the relationship between the enemy and ourselves, we should grasp the characteristics of the times, make clear the realistic and potential targets of struggle, identify the nature, direction and degree of threats, and formulate, adjust and implement strategies. Scientifically predict the possible time, style, direction, scale, process and outcome of future wars, and reveal the characteristics and laws of future wars.
Strategic strategy is a struggle strategy to defeat the enemy based on objective conditions. Under certain objective conditions, it is an important method to turn passivity into initiative, turn disadvantages into advantages, win more with less, win stronger with weakness, and even defeat the enemy without fighting. The application of strategy focuses on the overall planning of war. The formulation of strategy emphasizes foresight, respects the characteristics and laws of war, is resourceful, decisive and decisive, prejudges the enemy's plan, is flexible and changeable, is superior to the enemy and outwits him.
Since the war of historical development, strategy has appeared in people's war practice activities. With the development of war and society, strategy has gone through a long process of formation, development and continuous improvement.
The ancient strategy Xia Shang Zhou is the period when China's ancient strategy began to take shape. As early as the end of clan society, such as the legendary battle of Zhuolu between Huangdi tribe and Chiyou tribe, the battle of Gansu in Xia Dynasty, the battle of singing Shang songs to destroy Xia Dynasty and the battle of Mu Ye in Zhou Dynasty to destroy Shang Dynasty, the war strategy had been formed, which initially involved the analysis of the winning and losing factors of the war. It is believed that there are invincible virtues, sad soldiers, teachers with laws and fierce criminals. Emphasis is placed on the use of strategy, tactics and formation, such as seizing the country, cutting off the enemy's wings, taking advantage of the situation, acting according to one's ability, weakening the gap, advancing and retreating, and coordinating with mentoring. This is recorded in ancient books such as Shangshu, Zhouyi, Zheng Jun and Junzhi.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of rapid development of China's ancient strategy. With the expansion of war scale and the extension of war duration, when planning and guiding the overall situation of war, we should attach importance to the role of politics, economy and other factors in the war, emphasize the righteous soldiers and just war, pay attention to the political reform of strengthening the country and enriching the people, and pay attention to strategic guidance from the long-term perspective of war. Qi Huangong's "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries", "uniting Qin to control Chu" and Wu's "dividing into three parts and four armies" are all typical examples of strategic application in this period. During the Warring States period, there also appeared the alliance strategies of "uniting the weak to attack the strong" and "attacking the weak with the strong", such as combining the vertical forces to resist Qin, Lian Heng breaking the vertical forces, and making friends to attack the weak. Qin and Wei unified the six countries and implemented a series of offensive strategies. During this period, a large number of artistic masterpieces such as Sun Zi, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Wei Liaozi and Liu Tao were produced, which laid the foundation for China's ancient strategic theory. Among them, grandson is the best. Sun Tzu revealed the universal law of war, expounded many principles of controlling war and defeating the enemy, and systematically expounded the theory of military strategy.
The period from Qin and Han dynasties to Qing dynasty is the period of further development of strategy. The Qin dynasty used the wall (the Great Wall) to control riding, and "used danger to control traffic jams" (historical records), and implemented the defensive strategy of building cities and securing borders. Liu Bangwen, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, ruled the country and the army with the method of dual use of military and civilian, made Qiang Bing rich and attached importance to the construction of base areas. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed from simple defense to offensive defense, implemented the policy of "riding by riding", paid attention to the development of cavalry groups, adopted the cavalry attack strategy of far-range, far-range, frontal attack and circuitous outflanking, and implemented the policy of combining soldiers with farmers, stationing troops to consolidate the border and strengthening border defense. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the equator was built, rivers were dredged, and the construction of national transportation network was emphasized. Huang Shigong's military work "Three Views" discusses the people-oriented thought and holds that "those who defeat the enemy and win are all people, and those who overcome the strong with the weak are also people." The "military training" in Huai Nan Zi expounds the ways to win political victory, public victory and victory. During the Three Kingdoms period, in the multipolar struggle, the alliance strategy was the most prominent, such as Zhuge Liang's "uniting Wu to resist Cao" and Sun Quan's "uniting Wei to attack Shu". Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" is a model of foreseeing the enemy's situation and formulating strategies according to the situation in ancient times. Ma Su's psychological warfare used strategies such as confusing the enemy, luring the enemy, moving the enemy and making mistakes, and achieved good results. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the use of soldiers was more manifested in the combination of military and political affairs, the combination of kindness and prestige, and disintegration. Take the strategic layout of focusing on Chinese and foreign dimensions, focusing on the first place rather than the foot, focusing on the periphery, focusing on controlling the place and restraining the important place, so as to stay in Guanzhong and be adjacent on all sides, which is convenient for maneuver and control; Relying on danger to help Wei, establishing base areas, sticking to the city, besieging the city for help, and raiding lightly were also very successful. The famous art of war "Emperor Taizong and Li Wenyou" expounds the principle of actively making people fight instead of others, develops the concept of strange meaning in ancient art of war, and discusses a series of strategic theoretical problems. In Song Dynasty, in order to resist cavalry attack, rivers and cities were used as barriers, and fire elements were added to fortifications, which made urban defense tactics quite innovative. Song Dynasty insisted on martial arts and trained senior military strategists. It issued the first military textbook Seven Kinds of Military Books, and there are some military works on the compilation of strategic theory and special topics, such as Tiger Bell Classic, General Theory of Military Books, Notes on He Shoucheng, Military Systems of Past Dynasties, and Strange Methods of Hundreds of Wars. When the Yuan Dynasty attacked the Southern Song Dynasty, it adopted the combination of cavalry and firearms, and implemented the offensive strategy of walking, riding, long-range strategic detour of the water army and joint multi-way March. The Ming Dynasty implemented a defensive strategy, which controlled traffic jams with danger, controlled the surface with points, controlled riding with walls, and combined elite soldiers with guarding the city. Coastal areas should be combined with land and sea and fortified in different regions. Famous military works in Ming Dynasty include Military History, Going to the Altar, Drawing Charts, etc., which discuss strategic issues such as military application principles, military geography, and coastal defense theory. In the early Qing Dynasty, Xu Tu adopted a gradual and long-term killing strategy, which weakened and destroyed the war potential of the Ming Dynasty. Starting from Emperor Kangxi, he changed the concept of "guarding the wall" in previous dynasties and put forward the strategic thought of "Mongolia as the Great Wall", which made great contributions to the solid border.
Countless peasant wars in the history of China have their own characteristics in strategy. Mainly: use the opportunity to rise up; Get rid of violence and gain popular support; Unstable and mobile actions; Make use of the virtual gap to support the war by fighting, and so on.
In the west, the wars between ancient Greece, Macedonia, Rome and Carthage had a great influence on the formation and development of ancient western strategy. At that time, the main problems solved by the strategy were: training and equipping troops, organizing expeditions, organizing coordination, determining fronts, implementing maneuvers, competing for communication lines, raising manpower and material resources, and supporting protracted wars. After the 5th century, European countries entered the feudal era one after another. The war was dominated by chivalry for a long time, and the strategic development was slow. /kloc-after the 0/5th century, some centralized countries in Europe were formed, and the use of gunpowder and firearms made great changes in the military equipment establishment and strategy of western countries. Italian military works such as Sun Tzu's The Art of War by N Machiavelli play a connecting role in the history of western military art. King Gustav II of Sweden reformed the military establishment, used artillery and carried out mobile warfare with one wing assault, and his strategic thought had an important impact on the formation and development of modern western bourgeois strategic theory.
/kloc-after the 0/6th century, the modern military strategy of the European bourgeoisie was formed and developed. King Friedrich II of Prussia was good at using troops moderately, and used frequent maneuvers and flank attacks in a series of wars forced to fight on interior lines. H. Lloyd of Britain demonstrated the relationship between base, front, terrain, battlefield area and number of troops and its strategic application. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, Napoleon I created many new methods of warfare in the long war. He emphasized the principles of choosing the main operational direction, acting quickly, concentrating superior forces, attacking suddenly and quickly, striking and annihilating the enemy by surprise, and establishing a strong reserve. Clausewitz's On War is a classic of bourgeois military theory. Introduction to the Art of War by A.H. Jomini is a western work that comprehensively discusses the theory of war and strategy. These works have played a great role in the development of bourgeois strategic theory.
/kloc-from the second half of the 0/9th century to the beginning of the 20th century, capitalism developed to the stage of imperialism, and strategic theories based on the use of new weapons and equipment such as tanks, planes and warships came out one after another. Among them, German H.K.B von Mao Qi's quick-decision attack strategy has a great influence; Germany a von schrieffen's quick-decision annihilation strategy: American a.t. Mahan's naval strategy centered on sea power theory. At the beginning of the 20th century, World War I broke out for imperialist countries to carve up the world again. At the beginning of the war, both warring parties believed in the strategy of quick victory and attempted to end the war quickly through the mobile operation of a powerful corps. However, the implementation of offensive and defensive wars and protracted wars of attrition on endless positions has brought the war into a long-term stalemate. Strategic guidance obviously lags behind the reality of war.
Marx and Engels founded the strategic theory of the proletariat. They stressed that the first condition of the dictatorship of the proletariat is the army of the proletariat, founded the theory of organizing urban workers to take power by armed uprising, and put forward the strategic guiding principles of people's war and active defense. Lenin comprehensively developed Marx and Engels' thought of people's war, founded the first proletarian revolutionary army in the world, and put forward the principle of building the army in the October socialist revolution in Russia and the subsequent civil war and the war of crushing foreign armed intervention. These advanced strategic guiding principles laid the foundation of proletarian strategic theory.
After the Opium War, China began to move towards a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Some people of insight put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", introducing western military technology and weapons and equipment, advocating ordnance shipping, imitating the western military system, using western codes, establishing a new navy and training a new army. The Qing government paid equal attention to both inside and outside, and attached importance to the construction of frontier defense and coastal defense fortresses. However, due to political corruption, the Qing army was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the war against Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion, and the strategic proposition of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" failed to be realized. During this period, Wei Yuan's Atlas of the Ocean described the geographical distribution and historical and political situation of all countries in the world, and put forward the way for Qiang Bing, a rich country, to resist foreign aggression. The Taiping Rebellion War broke out in 185 1, and adopted a long-range offensive strategy of building castles, giving up fortresses and focusing on attacking Jinling. According to the basic strategy, it promoted Hunan and Hubei, took Nanjing directly, and established China. Later, it failed due to infighting and strategic guidance mistakes. The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen was aimed at overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. It adopted the strategy of uniting patriotic forces at home and abroad, raising funds and equipment, contacting political parties and organizing armed uprisings, starting with one or two provinces, then building momentum throughout the country, and finally winning. China's modernization strategy embodies the characteristics of "middle school as the body" and "western learning for use".
The modern strategy after the First World War, Italian G Du Hei's air combat theory, German E ludendorff's total war theory and British J F C Fuller's mechanized war theory have influenced many capitalist countries in the world, and to a great extent, influenced the military strategies of some participating countries in the Second World War. German A. Hitler inherited the theories of annihilation, total war and mechanized war of Schrieffen, ludendorff and Fuller, adopted the fast-break strategy with Blitzkrieg as the core, and launched.