First, the basic requirements for writing medical papers
Scientific nature: the first condition of medical papers is that they must be scientific. The so-called scientificity refers to whether the methods and arguments introduced in the paper have been verified by scientific methods and can stand the test of practice. This requires: (1) careful consideration should be given to scientific research design to eliminate all unfavorable factors that may interfere with the results; ⑵ Establish necessary control group or even double-blind control study; (3) The experimental and observed data should be statistically processed; ⑷ Whether in theoretical research or experimental research, the analysis of the results should start from the actual data and draw appropriate conclusions, and avoid empty talk and abstract reasoning.
Advanced nature (creativity): the advanced nature of a paper actually refers to whether the paper has reached a certain scientific level. Although a paper is scientific, it is not necessarily advanced, because this work may have been confirmed by others several years ago or even more than ten years ago. Therefore, the advancement of medical papers can be measured from two aspects. First, whether there are new breakthroughs in theory, such as principle discussion and treatment mechanism; The second is the level of practice, such as whether the diagnostic level or therapeutic effect is higher than the general level, and whether the technical operation is particularly advanced. However, whether it is to measure the level of practice or theory, it should be compared with the existing level of similar achievements at that time, such as the level of similar projects abroad, at home and at home.
Practicality (application): First, it is a discipline related to clinical practice, and second, it is repeatable.
2. Types of medical papers
Articles published in general medical journals can be roughly divided into the following categories: reviews, papers (abstracts, experimental research, diagnostic techniques, etc. ), disease (case) report, clinical disease (case) discussion, academic exchanges, reviews, monographs, experience introduction, lectures, newsletters, etc.
Three. Basic structure of medical papers
The specific writing of medical papers (treatises) can generally be divided into topics, prefaces, materials and methods, achievements, discussions and references.
Title: The title of the paper must be related to the content, concise and focused, and can clearly express the nature and purpose of the paper. Topics are generally expressed by phrases mainly composed of nouns, and the topics should not be too long (generally less than 20 words).
What methods, results, data and data are used to draw meaningful conclusions (including positive and negative aspects). Specifically, Chinese and English abstracts should be written according to four elements: purpose, method, result, conclusion and conclusion, and the contents in Chinese and English should be consistent. The number of words is controlled at about 200 words. 3 ~ 5 keywords or subject words. The English abstract should also include the title, author's name (hanyu pinyin), unit name, city name and postal code. The author should list the first three places and add "et al" to more than three places.
The situation, methods, objectives, main achievements or characteristics of previous research. This passage should not exceed 100 ~ 200 words.
Materials and Methods: This is a key part of scientific research. For the research work to be carried out, according to the actual situation, a suitable number of research objects that meet certain conditions should be selected in advance; (two) the use of certain experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic methods (including experimental steps, methods, equipment, reagents and drugs); ⑶ After a certain period of observation, the results of the control group under the same conditions were compared with others for comprehensive analysis. This part of the content requires conciseness and accuracy, and the materials are complete and credible.
Results: After all the original data were collected, they should be analyzed randomly and objectively, and should not be selected intentionally or unintentionally. There is no need to list some negative results one by one. Try to be clear, logical and comparative.
Discussion: A very important part of the paper, the main task is to explore the meaning of "results".
The main contents of the discussion include: (1) main principles and concepts; ⑵ Advantages and disadvantages of experimental conditions; (3) Similarities and differences between my achievements and those of others, highlighting new discoveries and inventions; (4) Explain causality, contingency and inevitability; 5] where there is no conclusion, the opposite theory; (6) The direction and main problems in urgent need of research.
The content of "discussion" is also based on simple principles. In order to make the main points clear, it is not appropriate to repeat what has been said in this section. Avoid using assumptions to "prove" assumptions, explain unknowns with unknowns, and make circular inferences in turn.
References: The purpose of listing references is to quote the sources of materials (including ideas and methods), not to copy other people's papers.
Internal information is generally not quoted unless it is officially published, so it is generally required that people who quote documents must use important recent documents they have read. Works are about 10, with 3-5 abstracts and 20 summaries.
4. The process of making medical papers
Topic selection stage: the topic selection of papers, that is, the topic selection of scientific research, sometimes a scientific research can produce multiple papers. The process of topic selection can generally be divided into three steps:
Pre-topic: Before this job, you must have information, data and ideas. Of course, it can be a prospective study or a retrospective summary, which can be roughly: (1) rare diseases and difficult cases encountered in clinic; ⑵ Experience in diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients; ⑶ Enlightened by reading domestic and foreign literatures and attending academic conferences, carry out transplant research of technologies and methods; ⑷ Clinical application of new drugs and instruments, new diagnostic methods and treatment experience; 5] the topic of the superior arrangement or bidding. After the preliminary consideration of the proposed topic, a comprehensive literature search should be carried out to avoid similar topics, outdated conclusions and inconsistency with objective facts. Looking for unsolved problems on the basis of other people's research results as their own research topic.
Experimental research stage: This includes clinical trial, observation and follow-up investigation by using foreign or domestic advanced means, drugs, surgical methods and experiments. Taking animals or normal people as control experiments, it is required to record all kinds of data in detail as the basis for argumentation and evaluation results.
Sorting out, analyzing and summarizing data: Make statistical analysis on the above data, draw charts, make clinical analysis and comparison, and draw conclusions such as remarkable effect, effective rate, survival rate, mortality rate and incidence rate, and analyze their interrelationships, and quote literatures for comparison. Analyze the causes and constraints of success and failure, and demonstrate the etiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis, including the evaluation of prognosis. Finally, this paper makes a self-evaluation and puts forward some problems to be further discussed.
Writing stage: detailed is auspicious, concise, concise, accurate and appropriate language, and exaggeration and fiction are prohibited. Of course, every author must study literature retrieval, X2 test, t test, f test, correlation analysis, regression operation, how to choose sample size, etc. Read as many medical materials and documents as possible, sum up in practice, and gradually improve your writing level, so you can naturally write really good papers.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) common problems in medical paper writing
The topic of scientific research design is too long and the theme is not prominent. The title does not match the content, or the title is too big and the content is poor. The title is monotonous and the theme is not clear. Requirements for the topic: (1) retrievability; (2) specificity; (3) clarity; (4) short. Proposition method: (1) method; (2) conclusion; (3) Discussion.
On the concept of "composition ratio" as "ratio"
In the medical literature, we found that some authors confused the concepts of morbidity, morbidity, mortality and infection rate.
On accurate evaluation of curative effect.
Only the observation group has no control group: only comparison can distinguish, and it is difficult to draw a conclusion without proper comparison of medical research results. Even if there is a control group, if the two are not comparable, it is impossible to draw a definite conclusion.
From the above, it can be seen that only when the conditions such as gender, age, illness, disease stage, disease type, location and course of treatment are roughly the same, the control group and the experimental group are comparable and the results are of scientific value.
Case data are selected intentionally or unintentionally: in some papers, cases with so-called "incomplete data", "incomplete course of treatment" and "no follow-up" are excluded, so the results obtained are often higher than the actual curative effect, because if this is excluded, the scientific nature of the results will inevitably become a problem. What's more, some data are subjectively excluded for some reason, which completely loses the significance of this study.
The assessment methods and indicators are not scientific enough. (1) There is no clear objective index, and the evaluation is only based on the patient's chief complaint; ⑵ Subjective preference of observers and researchers; (3) The assessment standard is too low; (4) The data has not been statistically processed; 5] The assessment method is not scientific enough. Errors in statistical analysis. (1) Establish a control group (randomized control in the same period, historical control, control in different regions or hospitals); (2) Random grouping (simple, grouping and layering); ⑶ Blind method (non-blind, double-blind).
The above information shows that we must pay attention to: (1) comparability of case data; (2) The objective data should be statistically processed; (3) the assessment indicators should be strictly scientific (comparability, indicators should not be too low, and there should be no subjective bias. The application of charts: charts are the simplest way to express research data, which is clear at a glance. Generally speaking, "graph" comes from "table", which allows readers to see a general trend and experimental content from the graph. In the application of charts, try not to use charts if you can express them in words, and don't use too many if necessary, generally within 4.
Source: Create a new medical network