1, seedling raising method (1) and hardwood cutting method have the advantages of simple propagation method, low cost, high propagation coefficient and open cutting. However, there is a condition for hardwood cuttings to raise seedlings, that is, there must be a considerable number of 2-year-old branches.
The technical points of hardwood cutting are as follows:
The selection of hardwood cutting branches should be carried out in the dormant period, that is, from February to March every year. Select robust, high-yield and disease-resistant plants and cut off 2-3-year-old lignified branches. According to the experimental results, the cutting age has a great influence on the survival rate. The survival rate of 3-year cuttings was the highest, followed by 2-year cuttings, and 1 year cuttings was the lowest. Branches should be collected from the fruiting area of the crown, and the cutting length is 20 ~ 20~22cm. The base of harvested bundled cuttings should be buried in coarse sand for storage, and the sand temperature should be kept at 1℃ ~ 3℃, and the cuttings do not need to be covered. In order to improve the survival rate, the cuttings should be treated before cutting and soaked in 100ppm indolebutyric acid solution 12 hours. In addition, the cuttings were soaked in cold water for 24 ~ 120 hours, and the rooting survival effect was also good.
Hard branch cutting needs fertile sandy loam. Prepare the seedbed before inserting. The seedbed specifications are generally 10m long and 1 ~ 1.2m wide. Apply 3 ~ 5 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg, and transform the clay with sand. After making the bed, water the soles of your feet and cover them with plastic film for planting. The cutting depth is 3 ~ 3.5 cm, and the row spacing between plants is 5 cm×10 cm, that is, 200 plants per square meter, about 210.3 million plants per mu.
Post-cutting management When the leaf buds on the upper part of the cuttings begin to grow, it means that the cuttings begin to take root. When the cuttings are 5 ~ 8 cm long, the plastic film can be peeled off. In late autumn and early winter, the seedlings will be taken out, tied and buried for the winter. (2) Selection of softwood cutting methods 1 year-old semi-lignified branches with vigorous growth were selected as cuttings, which were brownish green, soft and elastic. Cuttings are generally about 15cm in length and 0.4 ~ 0.5 cm in stem diameter. Cut the oblique incision with grafting knife or single-sided blade, and the incision should be smooth. Leave a bud 0.3~0.5 cm away from the upper edge of the incision, leave the growth point at the top of the cutting and 3 ~ 5 leaves, and cut off the remaining leaves. After pruning, the cuttings will be immersed in the water container in time. Before cutting, the cuttings were soaked in a solution containing 500 mg of indolebutyric acid per kilogram 15 hour, the row spacing of cuttings was 4cm×4cm, and 500 cuttings were cut per square meter. The suitable cutting depth is about 3cm. (3) Rooting method: every February to March, the tender roots of seabuckthorn are scraped out, cut into short sections of10-20 cm, buried horizontally for 5-7 cm, and compacted. However, it should be noted that it should be buried with the plane and not left behind for a long time.
2. Cultivation methods
(1), garden site selection: select slightly alkaline aeolian sandy soil, sandy loam and light loam with loose soil, good air permeability, salt content < 0.5% and PH value of 7 ~ 8, and ensure flat terrain, convenient transportation and sufficient water. When preparing soil, the garden below 5 degrees should be ploughed to a depth of more than 20cm; In the form of comprehensive leveling or strip preparation; Soil and water conservation measures, such as terraces, ditches, fish scale pits, etc. , suitable for slopes greater than 5 degrees.
(2) Variety selection and planting density: select a high-yield variety with no or less thorns and a weight of more than 50g per 100 grains. It is required that the clonal seedlings grow healthily, without plant diseases and mechanical damage, with a seedling age of 1 ~ 2 years, a seedling height of 30-50cm, a ground diameter of more than 0.7cm, a taproot length of more than 20cm and developed fibrous roots. Before planting, draw a floor plan. The general plant spacing is 2m×4m, and the plant spacing of scion nursery for cutting is 1m×3m. Hippophae rhamnoides is dioecious, and the ratio of male to female and arrangement have great influence on fruit yield. If the pollen quantity of male plants is large, the ratio of male plants can be smaller, otherwise the ratio will be larger, and the ratio of male plants to female plants is generally 1∶8.
(3) Cultivation management mainly includes soil management, fertilizer and water management, etc. Before the seabuckthorn orchard bears fruit, dwarf crops such as forage grass and leguminous plants can be fully utilized to increase benefits and fertilize the soil. According to the rainfall situation, on the principle of not damaging the horizontal root system of Hippophae rhamnoides, intertillage several times a year with a depth of 4 ~ 5 cm. When planting seedlings, you should water the soles of your feet, and the number of watering times should be determined according to the water content in the growing season. Generally, water it four times a year, in the germination stage, early growth stage, late growth stage and before winter. Pay attention to applying more nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of growth, less nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage, and timely and appropriate. According to the experiment, the demand ratio of seabuckthorn for fertilizer types is N∶P∶K= 1∶2∶ 1. Generally, 5 ~ 7 kilograms of diammonium phosphate is needed per mu, and about 50 grams are applied to holes. Potash fertilizer is 2.5 ~ 3kg per mu, and it is applied to holes about 20g. Topdressing is applied in July and August, and foliar fertilizer is sprayed on young trees twice, with 0.5% urea solution100 ~120kg each time. The best spraying effect is in a windless afternoon. Fertilize the big trees in the high-yield garden three times a year, and apply 40 kilograms of urea and 40 kilograms of diammonium phosphate per mu in early May. In mid-July, 50 kilograms of urea and 50 kilograms of diammonium phosphate were applied per mu. After harvesting seabuckthorn, 3000 kg of chicken manure, 600 kg of sheep manure and 600 kg of plant ash should be applied per mu, and deep furrow application is better. In addition, in order to keep the balance of tree potential, Hippophae rhamnoides L. can be pruned properly at the young tree stage, keeping three main sprouting branches and thinning out redundant branches. In the fruit-bearing period, pruning is carried out every year during the dormant period, and dead branches and diseases and pests are cut off, and then excessive branches, cross branches and dense branches are removed. When the age of the tree is greater than 15, the branches are aging and the growth is obviously declining, rejuvenation and pruning are carried out. The method is to keep one axial branch and cut off all other branches to promote the re-germination of branches and restore the tree.
(4), flat stubble rejuvenation In arid barren hills and slopes or cohesive soil, seabuckthorn forests are prone to dry up and other aging phenomena. In the mass practice, the experience of "black thorns don't cut long", "timely leveling stubble to rejuvenate, reasonable clear cutting and utilization" was summarized. According to different conditions and forest species, the starting year and interval year of stubble leveling are different. Generally, it can be done during the dormant period of trees, but it is best to do it before the soil thaws in early spring. The stubble cleaning methods include "chip", "cut flower" and "ribbon cutting". When cutting, the stubble should be reduced as much as possible and kept flat and not cracked. Its branches are generally 50%-60% of fresh weight when air-dried, and many branches are distributed when stubble is flat, and the height growth of new forest can reach about 1m in that year.
(5) Pest control At present, the main pests and diseases that harm seabuckthorn are seabuckthorn moth, seabuckthorn fly, fruit rust and so on. It is necessary to prevent and control in time when a large amount is found. The simplest way is to cut down sick plants and insect plants and transport them away for firewood, or take other preventive measures as appropriate. However, we must adhere to the principles of "putting prevention first and paying equal attention to prevention and control" and "controlling drought, reducing drought and curing drought" to ensure the rapid growth and high yield of seabuckthorn.