Scientific name: licorice. Glycyrrhiza glabra
Alias: sweet grass root, red licorice, pink licorice, pink grass.
English name: the northwest origin of copyright roots
Latin name: licorice
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is a perennial herb in Leguminosae. In late autumn, the pods split, and the seeds walked on the land with the wind, naturally multiplying. The stem is straight and upright; Roots are cylindrical, three or four centimeters in diameter, five or six centimeters in size, more than one meter in length, and the longest is three or four meters.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis mostly grows in arid and semi-arid desert grassland, desert edge and loess hilly area, and it is also easy to breed in fields and floodplains in the Yellow River irrigation area. Strong adaptability and strong resistance, it is worthy of being an expert in drought resistance in the plant world and a pioneer in fighting sandstorms.
Use of licorice
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is flat in nature and sweet in taste, and has pharmacological effects such as detoxification, expectorant, analgesia, spasmolysis and even anticancer. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that licorice can tonify spleen and qi, relieve cough and moisten lung, detoxify urgently and harmonize hundreds of medicines. Clinical application is divided into "raw use" and "honey preparation". Can be used for treating sore throat, sore, ulcer, gastrointestinal ulcer, antidote and food poisoning. Honey baking is mainly used to treat hypofunction of spleen and stomach, thin stool, fatigue and fever, cough and palpitation.
Western medicine pharmacology has found that licorice has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, so it is mainly used as a moderator in western medicine clinic. Cough and phlegm, treat sore throat and laryngitis; Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch or glycyrrhetinic acid has the function of deoxycorticosterone, which has a good effect on chronic adrenal hypofunction. Glycyrrhiza uralensis preparation can promote the formation and secretion of gastric mucus, prolong the life of epithelial cells, and has anti-inflammatory activity, which is often used to treat chronic ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Licorice flavonoids have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antacid effects. Licorice is also one of the main raw materials in Ren Dan.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is also widely used in food industry to extract candy, preserves and chewing gum. Licorice extract is an emulsifier for making chocolate, which can also increase the taste and fragrance of beer, improve the consistency and color of dark beer, and make some soft drinks and sweet wine. Cigarette flavor. Ural licorice is also widely used in chemical industry and printing and dyeing industry.
Lao Guo-King of Multi-drugs
Licorice has been used as medicine for a long time. As early as more than two thousand years ago, Shennong Herbal Classic listed it as a good medicine. Tao Hongjing, a medical scientist in the Southern Dynasties, respected licorice as "the old man of the country" and said: "This grass is the king of many medicines, and there are very few people who don't use it in ancient books." "the country is old", that is, the name of the empire. The reason why Ural Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is regarded as the "imperial doctor" of medicine is just as Li Shizhen explained in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Among all the medicines, Ural Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is the king, treating 72 kinds of milk stone poisoning, solving 1,200 kinds of plant poisoning and reconciling various medicines, so it is called" the old country ".
According to the determination, the content of glycyrrhizic acid in licorice is about 10%, and there are many components such as mannitol and glucose. Because glycyrrhizic acid is 50 times sweeter than sucrose, licorice is really a "sweet grass".
Processing of Ural Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch —— Ercao Wujie
Dig holes, remove fibrous roots and dry them in the spring and autumn. The dug Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch strictly abides by the traditional technology when processing, so that the skin is clean and the body is dry, the single piece is straight, the knives are seen at both ends, the caliber is new, the roots are separated and classified.
Licorice. The stem is divided into "two grasses" and the root is divided into "five sections" according to the position and quality of the material.
The stem is divided into two kinds of grass, namely white grass, namely peeled fresh grass; Big grass is a suitable stem for medicine.
The root is divided into five segments: large segment, middle segment, small segment, hairy tip and pimple head.
Note that it is not suitable to be used with Euphorbia Euphorbia, Daphne genkwa and Gansui. Don't eat with carp, it will be poisoned.
Store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent insects from eating.
Source This product is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Glycyrrhiza inflata Or Glycyrrhiza glabra of Leguminosae. Dig holes, remove fibrous roots and dry them in the spring and autumn.
Method: remove impurities, wash, fully moisten, cut into thick pieces and dry.
distinguish
(1) Cross section: Cork layer is a series of brown cells. The cortex is narrow. Phloem rays are wide and curved, and cracks often appear; The fibers are mostly in bundles, non-lignified or micro-lignified, and the surrounding parenchyma cells often contain calcium oxalate cubes; Screen tube groups are often deformed due to compression. The cambium in the vascular bundle is obvious. The ray width of xylem is 3 ~ 5 rows of cells; There are many ducts with a diameter of about160μ m; Wood fibers are in bundles, and the surrounding parenchyma cells also contain calcium oxalate cubes. The root center has no myelin sheath; The center of rhizome has pith. The powder is light brown. The fibers are in bundles, with a diameter of 8 ~ 14μ m, thick wall and slight lignification, and the surrounding parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate cubes to form crystalline fibers. Calcium oxalate crystals are more common. Catheters with holes in the edges are large and rare reticular catheters. Cork cells are reddish brown, polygonal and slightly lignified.
(2) Take 65438+0g of this product powder, add 40ml of ether, heat and reflux for 65438+0h, filter, add 30ml of methanol to the residue, heat and reflux for 65438+0h, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 40ml of water to dissolve the residue, extract with n-butanol for three times, 20ml each time, combine n-butanol solutions, wash with water for three times, and evaporate the residue. In addition, licorice1g. A control drug solution was prepared in the same way. Then take ammonium glycyrrhizinate as reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per kloc-0/ml as reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (Appendix ⅵ b), absorb 1 ~ 2μ l of each of the above three solutions, spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate prepared with 1% sodium hydroxide solution, and use ethyl acetate-formic acid-glacial acetic acid-water (15:1:/kloc-0)
Content determination
According to high performance liquid chromatography (appendix ⅵ d).
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. The mobile phase is methanol -0.2mol/L ammonium acetate solution-glacial acetic acid (67: 33:1); The detection wavelength is 250 nm. According to the peak of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, the theoretical plate number should be not less than 2000.
Preparation of reference solution Take about 65438±00mg of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate reference substance, weigh it accurately, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dissolve it with mobile phase, dilute it to scale, and shake it evenly (every 65438±0ml contains 0.2mg of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate reference substance, which is equivalent to 0.65438±0959mg of glycyrrhizic acid).
Preparation of test solution Take about 0.3g of this product powder, weigh it accurately, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add about 45ml of flowing water, perform ultrasonic treatment (power 250W, frequency 20kHz) for 30min, take it out, let it cool, add the mobile phase to the scale, shake it evenly, and filter it.
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00μ l control solution and test solution respectively, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
This product contains glycyrrhizic acid (C42H62O 16) not less than 2.0%.
Sweet and flat in nature. Heart, lung, spleen and stomach meridians.
Functions mainly include invigorating spleen and qi, clearing away heat and toxic materials, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, relieving pain and harmonizing various drugs. Can be used for treating spleen and stomach weakness, listlessness, palpitation, shortness of breath, cough with excessive phlegm, abdominal distension, acute pain in limbs, carbuncle, swelling and sore, and relieving drug toxicity.
Usage and dosage: 1.5 ~ 9g.
Note that it should not be used with Beijing spurge, Daphne genkwa and Gansui.
Store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent insects from eating.
Preparation of Glycyrrhiza extract
Excerpted from the National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine
licorice
(1) Overview
Alias sweet grass.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Leguminosae, whose roots and rhizomes are used as medicine, is the most commonly used medicine in clinic. Raw licorice can clear away heat and toxic materials, moisten the lungs and relieve cough, and reconcile various medicinal properties; Roasted Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. has a large clinical dosage and a large export volume. In addition to medicine, licorice is also widely used as a cake additive in food, and its sweetness is 100 times that of sucrose. Western countries import a large number of licorice, from which glycyrrhetinic acid is extracted to treat AIDS. In today's western development opportunity, licorice plays a better role, returning farmland to forests, building beautiful mountains and rivers, and playing a stronger role in soil and water conservation. Farmers in northern Shaanxi and the masses in the west have reported that licorice seeds can emerge when they are moved to the ground, which is particularly drought-resistant, and licorice grows in northwest, north and northeast China.
Ginkgo biloba is commonly known as Ginkgo biloba and Gongsun Shu. It first appeared in the Carboniferous period 345 million years ago and was widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America in the northern hemisphere. It was the king of the world like dinosaurs in the animal kingdom. By 500,000 years ago, the Quaternary glacial movement occurred, the earth suddenly became cold, and most ginkgo plants were on the verge of extinction. Only China has superior natural conditions, which have been miraculously preserved. Therefore, scientists call it a "living fossil" and a "panda in the plant kingdom". At present, there are wild and semi-wild ginkgo communities in Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dabie Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. There is no doubt that foreign Ginkgo biloba was introduced directly or indirectly from China.
Ginkgo biloba is a famous "living fossil". Ginkgo biloba was widely distributed in the northern hemisphere in Mesozoic and Jurassic and began to decline in the late Cretaceous. The Quaternary Glacier came and became extinct in most parts of Europe, North America and Asia, and the wild Ginkgo biloba remained in the mountainous areas of western Zhejiang, China. Due to the scarcity of individuals and dioecious plants, the remaining stands will be replaced if natural regeneration is not strictly protected and promoted.
Ginkgo biloba has a large crown and a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, which is conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has extensive requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire resistance and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall, with straight trunk and graceful posture, which is an ideal tree species for landscaping and streets. It can be used as an ideal cultivated tree species for landscaping, roads, highways, field forest nets and windbreaks.
China is not only the hometown of Ginkgo biloba, but also the country with the earliest cultivation, utilization and research and the richest achievements. Throughout the ages, China ranks first in the world in terms of ginkgo planting area and ginkgo output. Judging from the age of the existing ancient ginkgo trees, ginkgo was planted between Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China.
Ginkgo biloba is a unique and rich economic plant resource in China. Using the effective chemical components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its special medical and health care functions to produce health food, medicine and cosmetics is attracting the attention of research, development and production units at home and abroad. Many enterprises in various countries compete to develop and produce natural green products with ginkgo as raw materials to replace synthetic chemicals that have great side effects on human health, thus opening up extremely broad prospects for the development and utilization of ginkgo resources in China and rapidly improving the utilization value of ginkgo and its economic, social and ecological impact.
morphological character
Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree with a height of 40 meters and a DBH of 4 meters. The bark of young trees is nearly smooth, light gray, and the bark of big trees is grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal cracks, long branches and short distances, and slow growth. Leaves alternate, scattered radially on long branches, 3-5 clustered on short branches, slender petiole, fan-shaped, light green on both sides, notched or 2-lobed on the broad top edge, 5-8 cm wide (115), with many branched venules. Dioecious, sparsely coextensive, cones solitary in leaf axils of short branches; Male cones are inflorescence-shaped, each with many stamens and 2 anthers; The female cone has a long stalk and the stalk end is often bifurcated (3-5 forks). At the fork end, 1 ovule with disc-shaped suspensor is produced, and often 1 ovule develops into a developing seed. The seeds are drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous, oval, oblong-obovate, ovoid or nearly spherical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 65438 0.5-2 cm in diameter; The aril is fleshy, covered with white powder, and pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Testa bony, white, usually with 2 (sparse 3) longitudinal edges; Endosperm membranous, reddish brown. Residual plants, widely cultivated in China; It is also produced in Japan. Slow growth, extremely long life, up to more than 1000 years. The seed kernel is edible, and if it is poisoned by eating too much, the seed coat can be extracted with tannin extract. The wood is light yellow, thin, light and soft, and is used in architecture, furniture, sculpture and other handicrafts. It is also a kind of garden tree. Street trees. Chinese medicine uses seeds as medicine, which are flat, bitter and slightly toxic. They have the functions of astringing lung and relieving asthma, and are mainly used to treat phlegm and asthma, cough, nocturnal emission, leukorrhagia and frequent urination. Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid, histamine acid, protein, etc.
Living habits
Ginkgo biloba in the wild state is distributed in the subtropical monsoon region, with superior hydrothermal conditions. The annual average temperature 15℃, the extreme minimum temperature can reach-10.6℃, the annual precipitation 1500- 1800 mm, and the annual foggy days can reach 248 days. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5-6. Associated plants are mainly Cryptomeria fortunei. , Larix species. ) Gao de. Torreya grandis Chinese fir (lamb. ) hook. China blue fruit tree. Fengxiang. Litsea macrophylla Fragrant fruit tree Chinese white poplar , Daphnia magna. , bamboo and so on.
Ginkgo biloba has a long life span and is suitable for growing in the subtropical monsoon region with superior hydrothermal conditions. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5 ~ 6. Generally, it blooms from early April to mid-April, the seeds mature from late September to early October, and the leaves fall in late October. There are over 3000 years old trees in China. Slow initial growth, long life and strong tillering ability. Female plants generally begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and trees that have been 500 years old can still bear fruit normally. ? Generally, it germinates from late March to early April, blooms from early April to mid-April, and the seeds mature 10 from late September to early June, and shed leaves from late June to 10.
Distribution of Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is widely distributed in China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, France, Russia and other countries and regions. Ginkgo biloba is widely distributed geographically. From the perspective of horizontal natural distribution, Ginkgo biloba near the 30o line in north latitude has the longest distance from east to west. With the increase or decrease of this latitude, the distance between east and west of Ginkgo biloba is gradually shortened. The higher the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the eastern coast, and the lower the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the plateau and mountainous areas in the southwest. Ginkgo biloba is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical climate zones in China, with a marginal distribution of "Shenyang in Liaoning Province in the north, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province in the south, Nantou in Taiwan Province Province in the southeast, Changdu in Xizang Autonomous Region in the west and Putuo Island in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province in the east", spanning 2LO301-41O4 in the north latitude and 97O-65438 in the east longitude. Ginkgo biloba resources in China are mainly distributed in more than 60 counties and cities in Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. In terms of resource distribution, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces have the most resources, but the distribution of resources in various provinces is also uneven, mainly concentrated in some counties or cities, such as Santai in Jiangsu (Taizhou, Taixing, Taixian (now Jiangyan)), Pizhou, Wuxian, Tancheng and Guangxi in Shandong. Many ginkgo experts believe that natural ancient ginkgo groups have been discovered in remote mountainous areas such as Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dahongshan Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. They are extremely precious cultural heritage and natural landscape, and play an important role in improving the surrounding ecological environment, studying biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of ginkgo genetic resources. Natural resource researchers also found that Ginkgo biloba is accompanied by Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Davidia involucrata and other relict plant in the deep mountain valleys of Hubei and Sichuan.
The vertical distribution of Ginkgo biloba is also due to the different latitudes and landforms in the region, and the distribution altitude is not exactly the same. But in general, the vertical distribution span of Ginkgo biloba is large, from the eastern plain with an altitude of several meters to tens of meters to the southwestern mountainous area with an altitude of about 3000 meters. For example, Taixing in Jiangsu is about 5m above sea level, Wuxian is about 300m above sea level, Tancheng in Shandong is about 40m above sea level, Dujiangyan in Sichuan is 1600m above sea level, Gansu 150Om (Lanzhou), Yunnan is 200Om (Kunming) and Tibet is 3000m〈 < Changdu >. However, these distribution conditions do not mean that Ginkgo biloba can be distributed in all areas within such a vertical span, because besides latitude and altitude, topography and soil are also very important factors, such as soil water content, salt content, sunshine and extreme temperature, which directly limit the development of Ginkgo biloba. In the marginal areas of natural distribution of Ginkgo biloba, there may be a microclimate conducive to the growth of Ginkgo biloba due to terrain and other factors, and Ginkgo biloba can still grow well. Similarly, in the natural distribution area of Ginkgo biloba, due to the differences of microclimate or topography, soil and hydrothermal conditions, there are also areas that are not suitable for the growth of Ginkgo biloba, so in the natural distribution area, Ginkgo biloba is mostly distributed in points. From the climatic factors, the vertical distribution is mainly concentrated in the annual average temperature of 8O -20o, and the absolute minimum temperature is not lower than -20o, which is in line with the ecological habits of Ginkgo biloba.
Protect value
Ginkgo biloba, the only variety of ginkgo biloba, is a famous living fossil of plants and a precious wood and dried fruit tree species. Because of its many primitive characteristics, it is of great value to study the phylogeny of gymnosperms, paleoflora, paleogeography and Quaternary glacial climate. The leaves are peculiar and quaint, and they are beautiful garden ornamental trees. It has special resistance to smog and sulfur dioxide and is an excellent anti-pollution tree species. Seeds are used as dried fruits. Leaves and seeds can also be used in medicine. This species has been listed as a national first-class protected wild plant (approved by the State Council on August 4th, 1999).
West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province is one of the nature reserves in China, and the harvesting of wild ginkgo in this area should be strictly prohibited. On the steep rock wall at an altitude of 1000 meters, the trunk of an ancient ginkgo tree with five generations living under one roof is regenerated from the trunk and the trunk base, and reinforced with stones. Ancient ginkgo trees scattered all over the country should also be protected; Many provinces and regions have cultivated it.
Key points of cultivation
Seedling propagation. The embryo is dormant. Sow in winter or early spring after stratification. When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation.
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest seed plant in relict plant. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and after 40 years, it can bear a lot of fruits and live to be over 1000 years old. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May, matures in 10, and its fruit is orange-yellow drupe. Ginkgo biloba was originally distributed all over the world, and only remained in the subtropical mountainous area of China after the Quaternary Glacier. At present, the distribution of Ginkgo biloba mostly belongs to artificial cultivation.
Planting method of ginkgo tree
1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.
About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm. This method is easy to survive. Flowering and fruiting after about 10 years.
3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months.
4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't drown with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dryness, but soaking. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity, it is submerged by water, and the root system is suffocated by hypoxia, so it cannot produce new roots, and the root system gradually decays. Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight.
5. Seedling management
(1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. If the weather is dry in May, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba. Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice.
(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.
(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.
(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be once in spring and once in autumn.
(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off. The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them. Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way.
(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Selecting seedlings with DBH of 3 cm to 4 cm, cutting and grafting. Generally, a 3-year-old scion with shiny skin, 3-6 short branches and large fruit grains is better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.
The value of ginkgo biloba
Botany often compares Ginkgo biloba with dinosaurs and is known as the giant panda in the plant kingdom. Ginkgo biloba belongs to the category of dried fruits, and among many dried fruits, the economic value of ginkgo biloba ranks third. The value of ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in food and medicine.
Ginkgo biloba is eaten to keep healthy and prolong life. Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must eat ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, baked food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol.
The medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in medicine, pesticides and veterinary drugs. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Entering the lung meridian can benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Feng Jing Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the effects of resolving phlegm, detoxicating and killing insects, and can be used to treat "furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of Ginkgo biloba appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use. Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains a lot of hydrogenated ginkgolic acid and ginkgetin. The water-soluble components of exocarp have good antitussive and expectorant effects, and their properties are similar to those of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. The effective rate of epicarp alcohol intermediate in inhibiting 22 common clinical pathogenic fungi was 865438 0%. 0. 1% hydrogenated ginkgolic acid inhibited 25 clinical pathogenic fungi with an effective rate of 92%. In addition, the inhibition rate of epicarp extract on apple anthracnose and other 1 1 plant pathogens reached 88%- 100%. The control rate of ethanol extract on geometrid reached 100% within 3 days, and it also had control effects on Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Chilo suppressalis and other pests. According to Compendium of Herbal Medicine of Folk Veterinary Medicine, Ginkgo preparation can treat strain of livestock, nasal congestion, lung abscess, cough due to lung deficiency, blood drop in urine, leucorrhea of female livestock, etc. Dingchuan decoction developed by Shandong Animal Husbandry Medical Station is used to treat infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens, and the cure rate is 95%.
Ginkgo biloba leaves also have important medicinal value. Up to now, there are more than 60 kinds of Ginkgo biloba extract with known chemical components/kloc-0. There are mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyisoprene, quinic acid, linoleic acid, python oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, α-hexenal, bilobanol, bilobanone and so on. In 1960s, the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units developed Shuxuening injection with Ginkgo biloba leaves, which has certain curative effects on coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebrovascular diseases. At the same time, Ginkgo biloba leaves can also be used as pesticides. 1kg leaves add 20kg water, boil for 30min, and then soak for 2-3 days. The control rate of spiders and Pieris rapae is over 90%, and there is no residue.
Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba are used to make healthy pillows. According to the pillow story, the seeds of Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo biloba, are sweet and nutritious, and have the same origin as medicine and food, and are also used as medicinal food or medicine. Ginkgo biloba leaves, seed coats and tree roots all contain various chemical components that can be used in traditional Chinese medicine. Choose precious Chinese herbal medicines such as Ginkgo biloba for more than three years to make healthy pillows. It is light and fragrant, and can improve the quality of human breathing and sleep. Long-term use of natural substances can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, prevent hypertension, stroke and diabetes caused by vascular aging in adults, so that adults can maintain normal cardiac output and normal nervous system function, especially middle-aged and elderly people, so that people can maintain a normal cell life cycle as much as possible and maintain the youthful vitality they dream of.
There are more than 50 kinds of skin care, hair care and health care products prepared with Ginkgo biloba extract. In addition, Jiangsu Dafeng Ginkgo Base also has 20,000 kinds of ginkgo drinks, ginkgo peach juice, ginkgo beer, ginkgo tea and other health products developed from ginkgo leaves, which have been circulated in the market and achieved good results. Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province leads the country in planting Ginkgo biloba leaves and producing and processing extracts. There are hundreds of research, production and teaching units in China that research and develop health food, medicine and cosmetics with machine extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves as raw materials. Ginkgo products are dazzling, and there are countless scientific papers about ginkgo. The output value of ginkgo occupies a large proportion in the national economy of various ginkgo producing areas in China, and the market competition of ginkgo resources and deep-processed products at home and abroad is fierce.
The ecological benefits of Ginkgo biloba are mainly reflected in: from the perspective of cultivation, Ginkgo biloba belongs to a fruit tree-dried fruit; It belongs to timber tree species, protective tree species, insect-resistant tree species, longevity tree species and pollution-resistant tree species. Ginkgo biloba is an ideal tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forest, farmland shelterbelt, road shelterbelt, bank protection forest, beach shelterbelt, village shelterbelt, forest-grain intercropping and "four sides" greening. It can not only provide a large number of high-quality wood, leaves and seeds, but also purify the air, conserve water, prevent wind and sand, maintain water and soil, and improve farmland microclimate. It is a good tree species for afforestation, greening and ornamental, which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural and forestry planting structure in the north and south of China and the forestry development in plain agricultural areas. Ginkgo wood is of high quality and low price, and is known as "silver fragrant wood" or "silver wood". Ginkgo wood has luster, straight texture, fine structure, easy processing, no cracking, strong corrosion resistance, easy painting, low nail digging power, special medicinal flavor and strong insect resistance. Ginkgo wood can be used to make carved plaques, wooden fish and other handicrafts, and can also be used to make high-end furniture such as cabinets and desks. Ginkgo biloba has the characteristics of singing, guiding sound and elasticity, and is an ideal material for making musical instruments It can be used to make surveying and mapping instruments, pens and other cultural goods, and it is also the first-class wood for making chessboards, chess pieces, sports equipment, seals and small handicrafts. In industrial production, silver wood is most suitable for making machine models and wooden models of X-ray machine filter plates, textile printing and dyeing rollers, bodiless lacquerware, plywood, chopping boards and wooden telephones.
Ginkgo biloba also has good ornamental value. Ginkgo biloba is lush in summer and golden in autumn, giving people a handsome, gorgeous, luxurious and elegant feeling. Therefore, ginkgo biloba is regarded as an important tree species in courtyards, sidewalks and gardens at all times and in all countries. In the famous mountains and rivers and ancient temples in China, there are tall and straight ancient ginkgo biloba. They go through vicissitudes, trace back to ancient and modern times, and give people a sense of mystery. Poets and poets of past dynasties set foot in temples, leaving many poems and songs, proud of their beautiful scenery and merits. No wonder people marvel at the close relationship between ancient ginkgo biloba and ancient culture.
Ginkgo biloba is magnificent, its trunk is winding and lush. Ginkgo biloba with graceful posture is selected and processed into bonsai, and the majestic posture of Ginkgo biloba in nature is concentrated in the basin. It is elegant and interesting, which is clear to the desk, pleasant and pleasing to the eye.