China Criminal Police College. Chen Jipeng)

Abstract: In China, the research on police tactics is still in its infancy, and it is not mature in many aspects, especially in the expression of basic concepts and categories, the construction of basic theoretical framework, and the generalization of technical methods. This paper attempts to discuss the concept, content system and research methods of police tactics.

[Keywords:]: police tactics; Concept; Content system; research method

In our country, with the intensification of violence, collectivization and intelligence of criminal crimes and the increase of efforts to crack down on criminal crimes, the casualties of the people's police are increasing. In order to effectively crack down on crimes and better protect the lives and property of the people and the police themselves, the new discipline of "police tactics" came into being. At present, the theory and practice of police tactics are still immature in many aspects, especially in the expression of basic categories and concepts and the construction of basic theoretical framework.

Compared with foreign countries, there is a big gap in construction and technical methods, which needs to be continuously enriched and improved.

First, the concept of police tactics.

There are many viewpoints and different concepts about the research of money in police law enforcement, but there are only two different viewpoints in summary. The first view is "police investigation tactics". According to this view,

Police investigation tactics are the operational methods to guide the police to investigate, interrogate and arrest, and to correctly find and arrest various criminals or suspects. The essence of Sichuan's view is that the scope of police tactics mainly involves investigation, interrogation and arrest, but does not include the contents of police tactics and command such as emergency response, anti-violence and anti-terrorism response. The object of law enforcement mainly refers to criminals or criminal suspects, excluding those who violate the regulations on public security management and disposal and ordinary people. Obviously, there is a gap between this view and the actual needs in content and law enforcement objects, which narrows the connotation and extension of the concept of police tactics to a certain extent. The second view is "police practical techniques and tactics". This view holds that "police practical skills and tactics refer to the principles, methods and behavioral operations adopted by the police in fighting criminals and criminal suspects in law enforcement activities such as interrogation, search and arrest." The essence of this view is that the main content of police tactics is technical tactics such as behavior operation. This view not only has the shortcomings of the first view, but also emphasizes the connotation of tactics in behavior operation, thus greatly reducing the proportion and content of information in police tactics such as strategic application, tactical command and combat disposal. The third point of view, "the theory of police facing war." According to this view, "the police facing the war is an applied subject to study the on-the-spot methods, strategies and laws of police handling various emergencies". The essence of this view is that the main content of police tactics is to deal with the war. Although this view makes up for the first view to a great extent

However, the second view is insufficient in this respect, which only ignores the basic tactical problems of police in interrogation, interrogation, search and arrest, and its connotation and extension are not sufficient. Based on this, the author believes that the tactics of the police in law enforcement should not only involve daily law enforcement actions such as interrogation, interrogation, search and arrest, but also involve major pre-war disposal actions such as emergency disposal, serious violent crime scene disposal, hostage rescue and anti-terrorism disposal. The object of law enforcement should include criminals and criminal suspects (flagrante delicto), as well as ordinary people. Tactics is a comprehensive problem, which is a combination of intelligence and skill in content, and a combination of simplicity and complexity; On the subject and object of law enforcement, there are individuals and groups.

Combination, in terms of methods and means, is a single and comprehensive combination. Therefore, the so-called police tactics refer to the comprehensive system of strategic thoughts, strategic principles, law enforcement procedures, scientific methods and related technologies used by the people's police in the investigation and handling of major events in order to find, identify, confirm and stop crimes in time and effectively, capture criminals or criminal suspects, maintain social order and obtain the best law enforcement benefits.

This concept includes the following three meanings:

(1) Police tactics are a comprehensive action method system used by the people's police to guide the discovery and capture of criminals or criminal suspects and deal with major events in the face of war. Police tactics are formed by scientific induction and summary on the basis of in-depth study of the basic laws, characteristics and methods of police law enforcement actions at home and abroad, continuous summary of actual combat experience, and full absorption of knowledge and theories of investigation, psychology, military topography, military Science of Tactics, strategic theory and other related disciplines. It includes investigation and handling in the face of war.

Concepts (such as taking the initiative to attack, preempting the enemy, using static braking, waiting for opportunities), law enforcement procedures (such as basic procedures such as interrogation, body search, handcuffs, vehicle interception, etc.). ), tactical methods (such as questioning suspects, checking suspicious objects, searching, rescuing hostages, handling emergencies, etc.). ) and law enforcement technology (such as rapid fire technology).

A complete method system. In order to discover, identify and confirm illegal and criminal acts or major criminal suspects in time and effectively, arrest criminal suspects, deal with major events before the war, ensure the safety of the people's police themselves and people's lives and property, minimize the loss of law enforcement, and achieve the set goals, the people's police must comprehensively study and formulate basic theories, guiding ideology and tactical methods such as investigation procedures, investigation methods, investigation strategies, investigation countermeasures, military tactics, military terrain and operational command.

Tactical schemes and implementation methods under different situations and conditions, choose the opportunity to implement tactical schemes, and avoid single tactics in the process of investigation and combat disposal.

(2) The purpose of studying and applying police tactics is to find and capture criminals or suspects in time and effectively, deal with major events in the face of war, maintain social order and obtain the best law enforcement benefits. The so-called best law enforcement benefit means that the people's police objectively and accurately analyze the personality characteristics of criminal suspects and the regular characteristics of their activities in the process of law enforcement, effectively design and implement tactics, avoid mistakes and losses to the greatest extent with as little investment and cost as possible, timely and effectively discover, identify and confirm illegal criminal acts or major criminal suspects, and arrest criminals or criminal suspects to ensure their own safety and people's lives and property safety. This is not only the ultimate goal of the people's police to learn and use policing tactics, but also the basic guiding ideology and working ideas of the people's police to investigate and deal with wars according to law. The basic forms of police tactics are interrogation, interrogation, search, arrest and combat disposal. In daily law enforcement activities, the people's police should discover, identify and confirm illegal and criminal acts or major criminal suspects through basic search forms such as interrogation, inventory and search; For those who need to be arrested or detained, they can be arrested according to law to achieve the purpose of arresting criminal suspects; For emergencies, serious violent crimes, terrorist crimes, etc. In the face of war, we should settle the situation quickly and effectively, crack down on crime, protect people's lives and property and maintain social order.

Second, the content system of police tactics

(A) the research field of police tactics

Police tactics is an independent system integrating basic theory, professional knowledge, practical methods and skills. It has the characteristics of intelligence, skill and practicality, and has a wide range of specialties, knowledge span and coverage. The main research areas can be summarized as follows:

1. Object research. This paper mainly studies the influence of natural conditions, personality characteristics, psychological characteristics, behavior habits, activity rules, escape methods, means of resisting arrest, and on-site environment on the design and implementation of tactical plans.

2. Research on the subject. It mainly studies basic quality, basic ability, law enforcement level, organization and command, coordination, weapons and equipment, logistics support, etc.

3. Ontology research. It mainly studies the basic laws and characteristics, strategic principles and legal basis, basic tactics, and tactical forms and methods under different conditions.

(B) the content system of police tactics

Police tactics is a scientific method system about the laws, characteristics, countermeasures and methods of investigation and disposal in the face of war. When establishing the specific content of this discipline method system, we should fully grasp the principles of academics, pertinence and foresight, and comprehensively and accurately understand the content system of police tactics. Scientific, that is, the basic content of police tactics must conform to the basic viewpoints of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, to the objective reality, and to the current policies and laws of the party and the state, so as to ensure the scientific content and theoretical correctness. Pointedness, that is, guidance, means that the content of police tactics must come from public security practice, must be a summary and summary of practice, must reflect the latest needs of investigation and disposal in the face of war into the content of police tactics, and can adjust the content according to the constant changes of practice to ensure the guiding role of police tactics in practice. Foresight, that is, foresight, means that police tactics should be able to predict the changes of criminal methods and means in time according to the changes of social politics, economic structure and social security situation, especially according to the changes of criminal methods, means, methods of escape and resisting arrest and the changing law of emergencies, and put forward predictive theoretical models and framework methods to guide future practice. According to this principle, the content system of police tactics can be summarized as follows:

1 Introduction. It mainly includes the concept, function and content system of police tactics, and the research methods of police tactics.

2. Tactical principles and strategic application of police tactics. It mainly includes the strategic thinking and tactical principles used by the people's police in investigating wars.

3. Organization, guarantee and command of police action. It mainly includes the general procedures, implementation principles and methods of people's police organization support and command in investigation and combat disposal operations.

4. Basic strategies for investigation and combat disposal. It mainly includes several basic tactics that the people's police often use in their daily work, such as the use of terrain, hidden objects and bunkers, the basic methods of observation and control, and the tactics of moving quickly, cooperating, shooting, encircling, dividing, interspersed and dispersing people.

5. Tactical analysis of capture and fight. It mainly refers to the analysis and synthesis of the relevant factors that affect the tactical plan design. Mainly includes: law enforcement object analysis, law enforcement subject analysis, intelligence information and related factors analysis and comprehensive analysis.

Six sets and inventory strategy. Mainly includes the interrogation tactics of criminal suspects and the inspection tactics of their personal and personal belongings; Tactics to clean, inspect and dispose of places and places where criminal suspects may stay, hide, haunt, engage in activities and commit crimes. These include the tactics of intercepting suspicious vehicles, mainly the tactics of setting up checkpoints to check, control and dispose of the vehicles that the suspects are riding.

7 Search and search tactics. It mainly includes the tactics of searching and dealing with subdued or captured criminals or major criminal suspects, as well as the tactics of searching for places where criminal suspects may hide and dealing with emergencies.

8. Arrest strategy. It mainly includes the strategic principle of arrest, the organization and command of arrest action, the arrest tactics in different scenes and the arrest tactics of several special objects. , rescue hostage tactics. It mainly includes strategic principles, basic steps, preliminary containment tactics, peaceful hostage rescue tactics and force hostage rescue tactics.

10 coping strategies for emergencies, major crimes and terrorist crimes. It mainly includes basic principles, procedures, containment methods, ways and means of attack, and aftermath treatment.

Thirdly, the research methods of police tactics.

(A) the guiding ideology of police tactics research

1. Guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the only correct ways to observe and solve problems, and also the only correct way to study science. On the one hand, police tactics should not only proceed from China's national conditions, but also be closely combined with public security actual combat; We can not only base ourselves on the reality of police investigation in the face of war, but also analyze, integrate and upgrade it from the theoretical height to summarize the investigation in the face of war. The basic content, policy basis, legal provisions, tactical methods, practical significance and theoretical significance of the disposal action. On the other hand, police tactics must be guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

2. Insist on the objective and comprehensive viewpoint, the viewpoint of universal connection and the viewpoint of development and change, reveal the laws and methods of police tactics research, and prevent subjectivity and superficiality in the research. According to the party's policies and national laws. The people's police strictly implement the party's policies and state laws, that is, uphold the party's leadership and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people. In the practice and theoretical research on the investigation and disposal of war, we should strictly follow the procedures, rules and regulations stipulated in the Interception Law, the Criminal Procedure Law, the People's Police Law, the Regulations on the Use of Weapons and Police Equipment by the People's Police and related policies. Whether it is the design and implementation of tactical plan, the summary of experience, the exploration of laws and the generalization of theories, it should conform to the connotation and provisions of relevant laws and policies, conform to the basic spirit of legislative argumentation, and cannot deviate from it.

3. On the basis of drawing lessons from relevant knowledge. Police tactics is a comprehensive applied discipline, involving many adjacent disciplines such as military science, strategic theory, investigation, psychology, operational research, management, criminology and law. The basic elements of police tactics theory are the basic theories and knowledge of police tactics. The development of these neighboring learning benefits will inevitably promote the continuous development of the theoretical system of police tactics. In addition, through the summary and evaluation of war investigation cases, as well as the analysis and summary of actual combat experience and lessons, many regular and guiding problems are found, which makes perceptual knowledge gradually rise to rational knowledge, which is also the basic way to carry out tactical research.

(B) Research methods of police tactics

1. Survey. Investigation and research method is an important method for the emergence and development of any discipline, and it is also an important method for police tactics research. The most important thing in the study of police tactics is to adhere to the guiding ideology of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, and to adhere to the comparative study of actual investigation and combat disposal. On the premise of summarizing China's decades, we should grasp its essential laws and make the investigation results objective and true, especially the successful cases of police investigation and combat disposal in recent years are reliable. In this regard, we should not only study the domestic situation, but also the theory of the country and related disciplines, and learn from the beneficial situation of various public security departments in China. We should pay special attention to the experience and theoretical research of capture and fight, form new situations and problems faced by the police tactical departments with China characteristics under the new situation, sum up new experiences and new scientific systems, and better guide the police capture and fight practice. Constantly absorb rich nutrition and knowledge to overcome and avoid one-sidedness.

(1) General survey method. In other words, it is necessary to study the investigation methods of the things seized by the police one by one, which is related to the investigation and disposal actions before the war and the countermeasures and methods of investigation and disposal. And the actions to deal with the war, in a certain period of time and under certain environmental conditions.

(2) Typical investigation method. In other words, it is very important to choose a representative survey. Taking the pre-war investigation and disposal cases or materials as typical examples, through the investigation of various statistical data and related materials in the practice of pre-war investigation and disposal, we can understand and grasp the essence and laws of pre-war investigation and disposal, and analyze them by means of charts and other means. , and compared with other relevant data. From the comparison, we can draw a scientific and practical conclusion.

(3) Sampling survey method. That is, from a large number of statistical data in the practice of pre-war investigation and disposal, some cases or materials are selected as samples to study police tactical actions, and based on important facts. The method of inferring the general characteristics of behavior from the survey results.

2. Comparative method.

Comparative method is a commonly used method in police tactics research, from which general laws and action methods are summarized. This method is to compare two or two similar problems with benevolence, and generally distinguish similarities and differences through the cycle of "personal-social practice", so as to understand and grasp the standardized cognitive process of the relevant aspects of investigation and arrest, and realize the purpose of studying police tactics. We should pay attention to the characteristics of law and find out the methods of its essential characteristics. Generally speaking, the comparative method can be divided into two parts: the summed-up experience in the investigation of imminent war should be objective and representative, and only in this way can we reflect the basic status quo and future development trend of the police investigation of imminent war in China.

Longitudinal comparative study. Also known as historical research, there are two major aspects: vertical comparative research and horizontal comparative research. Refers to the calendar.

The historical evolution, development stage and development sequence of things can truly guide the police investigation practice, effectively promote the order of police warfare, and deepen the research on the basic methods and technologies of police investigation and combat disposal at home and abroad. From the legal basis, disposal procedures, tactical principles, strategic thinking and other aspects of the rules, we can draw useful experience from them, find out the correlation and find out the characteristics of things' development and change, so as to deepen our understanding and grasp of their current situation, and then predict their development trends and make them perfect day by day. The basis of this research method lies in the massive accumulation of historical records of similar things and the long-term collection and arrangement of relevant materials. Otherwise, it is difficult to grasp the relevance of things and understand the true nature of the problem.