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TV University Graduation Thesis 1: Innovation of Giant Computer Engineering
198365438+In February, the first billionth supercomputer in China successfully developed by the Computer Research Institute of National University of Defense Technology passed the national technical appraisal, and Zhang Aiping, director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission, named it "Yinhe". This is the product of China's reform and opening up, the combination of independence and introduction and absorption, and the great national cooperation. It is also a successful case of domestic engineering innovation. Taking Yinhe Billion Supercomputer as an example, this paper focuses on the successful experience of the project in decision-making, organization and management, providing useful reference for future generations.
1 background and decision of the project
The development of international supercomputers began in the mid-1960s. 1976 CRAY-1pipelined vector supercomputer successfully developed by Cray Company in the United States marked the maturity of supercomputer technology and began to enter the commercial stage. The Soviet Union, France, Britain, West Germany and Japan have successively surpassed [1][2] and developed their own giant computers. Computers with advanced technology and the most powerful functions are always the first to meet the urgent needs in the military field. The U.S. Department of Defense, as well as the space agency, the Department of Energy and the National Security Agency, which are closely related to the military, have always been the largest users of supercomputers and providers of huge development costs. 1976, Los Angeles, a famous American nuclear weapons design and research center? The Alamos Laboratory purchased the first Cray- 1 PC for $8.8 million [3], and the C3I system of American armed forces and strategic weapons forces also used Cray- 1 PC [4]. Therefore, the United States regards supercomputers as "the basic elements of the arms race" and decides that "such computers shall not be exported to any country", especially the countries of the Eastern Group, and implements a technical blockade and embargo. The third Cray- 1 was originally ordered by the Soviet Union, but was rejected by the US Department of Defense by one vote [5].
China began to consider developing supercomputers in the early 1970s. 1956, China computing technology began to rise [6]. After imitating the Soviet Union's own research, design, manufacturing and other different stages of development, electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and VLSI computers have been developed one after another, making important contributions to national economy and scientific research, especially national defense science and technology [7][8]. It is precisely because computer technology is closely related to the development of national security, national defense technology and weapons and equipment that Nie proposed to develop a higher-level computer in September 1967.
Accordingly, the Fourth Bureau of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense organized an investigation team to the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for investigation and preparation of a development plan for one million computers. In April, 1968 held an overall scheme demonstration meeting in Beijing. In September, the State Planning Commission, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Industry Office assigned the Chinese Academy of Sciences the task of developing one million computers, code-named 1025. 19701110. In October, No.10 Institute reported to the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense that it planned to develop a billion supercomputers by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, code 723[9].
1972 10 the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense convened an enlarged meeting of its standing committee to study the development of supercomputers in China, and suggested to the central special committee that the development of supercomputers should be included in the national key projects. At the beginning of 1974, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Fourth Machinery Department, and the Science and Technology Commission for National Defense jointly proposed to the State Council, the Central Military Commission, and the Central Special Committee to organize state forces to develop giant computers. 1975 10 Zhang Aiping, director of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense, instructed the commission to organize well-known domestic computer units to conduct a nationwide survey to understand the domestic demand for supercomputers, the quality of domestic components, the production capacity and level of external equipment, and the cost performance. However, due to the interference of the "Cultural Revolution", the supercomputer project was not formally implemented after several planning.
After the Cultural Revolution, the problem of giant computer engineering was raised again. 1977, after a period of intense brewing and preparation, the national defense science and technology commission submitted a request for instructions to the central government on June 1 14, and the Fourth Machinery Department, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other departments also actively strived for it. At this time, there are two main research forces of supercomputing in China: one is an institute specializing in computing technology research, such as the Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the 15th Institute of the Fourth Machinery Department (namely, North China Institute of Computing Technology) and East China Institute of Computing Technology; The other is a unit engaged in the teaching and research of computing technology in local and military academies. 1on March 4th, 978, Deng Xiaoping decided to entrust the development task to the Science and Technology Commission for National Defense and instructed Changsha Institute of Technology to complete it [10]. It is stipulated that it will take about 6 years (by the end of 1983) and 200 million yuan to develop a supercomputer with 65438+ billion operations per second.
Changsha University of Science and Technology, formerly known as Harbin Institute of Military Engineering, was founded in 1953. It is the first advanced military engineering technical college directly led by the Central Military Commission in New China. 1966 quit the army sequence and changed its name to Harbin institute of technology; 1970 moved south to Changsha and changed its name to Changsha Institute of Technology; 1978 10 established the national university of defense technology and returned to the military sequence.
There are three main reasons why the Computer Research Institute of Changsha University of Science and Technology won the supercomputing project: First, due to the urgent need of the development of weapons and equipment, the Science, Technology and Industry Committee for National Defense actively undertook the project funds in the case of national financial difficulties. The second is the team spirit of being brave in struggle and innovation. The Computer Research Institute of Changsha University of Science and Technology was developed by a 9-person computer team from the Naval Engineering Department of Harbin Institute of Military Engineering, and then gradually developed into a military computer room, computer specialty and computer department. Starting from 1958, a series of military and general-purpose computers have been developed. 1965, under the auspices of Ci Yungui, he took the lead in producing a stable and reliable 44 1B transistor general-purpose computer with domestic components, breaking the saying that "domestic components can't make a stable and reliable computer", and successively produced more than 30 computers, which were used in various bases of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission, national defense research institutes, universities and national economic departments.
151-3/4 million computers 1970 have been applied in a series of scientific experiments such as 1979, 1980 intercontinental launch vehicle, submarine underwater launch and synchronous satellite launch. Third, it is inseparable from Ci Yungui's strategizing and spare no effort. When the central government decided who would undertake the task of developing supercomputers, the Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences was developing10 million computers for the 757 project (the project was completed in June198311]; The 7 18 engineering task undertaken by the Fourth Machinery Department in the Tenth Five-Year Plan is "progressing very slowly" [12]. At this time, Ci Yungui is presiding over the investigation of domestic demand and production of supercomputers in the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. Although he also undertook the project task of 7 18, due to the rapid progress of the preliminary work, he took out the main backbone in the second half of 1977 and entered the pre-research and scheme demonstration of the supercomputer in advance, so as to seize the opportunity and seize the opportunity. 1978 in may, the giant computer project was formally established, code-named 785 project.