Roger penrose (1931) was born in a family of doctors in Essex, England. His father is Lionel Penrose, a famous human geneticist. Roger penrose first entered the secondary school attached to University of London, and then graduated from UCL University.

Chinese name: roger penrose.

Mbth: RogerPenrose。

Nationality: UK

Place of birth: Essex, England

Occupation: Mathematical physicist

Graduate institutions: University College London, Cambridge University.

Faith: Protestantism

Main achievements: We proved the singularity theorem with Hawking.

Masterpiece: The Emperor's New Brain

brief introduction

RogerPenrose was awarded the doctorate of Cambridge University on 1957.

Design extraordinary geometric pavements with his father. His paving design was included in lithographs by Dutch artist escher (1898- 1972) (famous for creating optical illusions).

During 1964, while working at the University of Texas in Austin, roger penrose began to put forward an idea. While working at Oxford University, he continued to develop the idea of applying Newton's theory to study quantum gravity. He believes that four-dimensional space-time can perfectly apply complex geometric theory, so it has its geometric uniqueness. So he thinks that Stringtheory introduces extra dimensions to study physics and ignores this uniqueness.

From 65438 to 0965, he founded the mathematical structure theory of modern cosmology with a series of papers represented by the famous paper "Gravitational Collapse and Singularity of Time and Space" and the famous mathematical physicist Stephen Hawking.

1966 Professor of Applied Mathematics, Birkbeck College, University of London.

1972 was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London.

From 65438 to 0973, he served as RouseBall Professor of Mathematics at Oxford University.

1975 was awarded the Eddington Prize of the Royal Astronomical Society of London together with Stephen Hawking.

1985 was awarded the Royal Award by the Royal Society of London.

1994 was knighted by Elizabeth II.

From 65438 to 0996, he continued to study Newton's theory at Oxford University.

1998 published the book The Emperor's New Brain;

In 2003, Penrose gave a lecture at Princeton University entitled "The New Physics of the Universe: Fashion, Belief and Fantasy". Among them, fashion refers to string theory, belief refers to the universe constructed by quantum mechanics, and fantasy refers to conformal circular cosmology.

In the eyes of many experts, Penrose should be a mathematician and a mathematical physicist. So this is because Penrose's greatest contribution to physics is related to mathematics. In 2004, The Road to Reality was published.

The circulation of the universe was published on 20 10.

Penrose was born on August 8th, 193 1 year, which is older than Huo Jinda 1 1 year, who was born in 1942. This age difference happens to be the age difference between Li Bai and Du Fu. Li Bai and Du Fu drank wine together, but they didn't co-write poems. Penrose and Hawking have studied physics together, including the proof of the famous singularity theorem, which we will explain a little below. Strictly speaking, we should call Penrose Sir Penrose, because at the age of 63, he was knighted.

Black holes and singularities

Penrose's contribution to mathematical physics focuses on the problems related to Einstein's gravity theory, and these problems are all related to geometry.

This is not the place to introduce his scientific work, because most of his work is abstract and has great influence in the fields of gravity and geometry. He is the type of "fame before it is too late" that Zhang Ailing said. Before Hawking, he studied the singularity problem in the theory of gravity, when he was only 34 years old. We know that Einstein's view of time and space is closely related to gravity. In Einstein's view, the most appropriate explanation for gravity is not the traditional force, but the bending of time and space. Space-time is curved, and all objects take the shortest path, which seems to be caused by gravity acting on objects. The most famous example of space-time bending is a black hole. There is a surface around a black hole. Within this surface, the shortest light cannot reach the outside of the black hole. This feature is the origin of the name black hole.

Penrose proved that in the process of massive celestial bodies collapsing into black holes, there must be a point, after which all collapsed matter no longer has a path. In geometric language, this is the geometric singularity. In the eyes of ordinary people, this is the point of destruction, because the closer you get to this point, the greater the tension generated by gravity and eventually it will be destroyed. From a physical point of view, at this point, all the laws of physics no longer apply. Hawking and Penrose later extended the proof of singularity to more general situations, including the early universe.

The existence of singularity has always been a difficult problem in physics. Fortunately, those of us who are outside black holes don't have to worry, because we can't see them, and they are always surrounded by the so-called horizon. The horizon is very similar to a circle we see on the sea, that is, the horizon. Outside this circle, we can't see anything. 1969, Penrose put forward the famous cosmic review principle, which ensured that any singularity in time and space would be surrounded by the horizon. Until today, this speculation is still a difficult problem in the theory of gravity.

Pengluosi tile

Perhaps Penrose's most famous invention is Penrose tiles related to recreational mathematics. We know that tiles are all rectangular or square, because we can cover the whole ground with these tiles. There are also regular triangles and regular hexagons for tiling. The patterns pasted on these tiles have one thing in common, that is, they are not only symmetrical (for example, the patterns pasted on regular triangles have a 60-degree rotational symmetry), but also periodic. Some shapes of bricks can't be used to cover the ground tightly, such as regular pentagons. You can also cover the whole floor with several different shapes of tiles. We call such a set of geometric shapes tiles. Some special tiles can not only be used to fill the plane, but also have a variety of patterns, so there can be no periodicity. This kind of tile is called aperiodic tile. Before Penrose, a group of aperiodic tiles usually contained many different shapes. Even in the same year (1974) when Penrose discovered that the tiles named after him had only two shapes, the best aperiodic tiles contained six different shapes.