The abstract of the subject is written by collecting the relevant documents involved in the subject and comprehensively analyzing the necessary market research.

Through the writing process, we can understand relevant information, expand our knowledge and comprehensively apply what we have learned. Asphalt design idea is the basis of engineering design.

The summary of the topic is only about 800 words, which requires accurate expression, clear views and refined words. We should grasp the characteristics of "synthesis" and "narration". The "comprehensive" type requires comprehensive analysis and induction of the materials and market research, so that the materials are more refined and clear, and more logical. Description and iushiyaoqiu discuss this topic more professionally, comprehensively, deeply and systematically. In a word, the abstract of the topic is a high summary of the historical background, previous work, focus of debate, research status, development prospect, purpose, significance, innovation and practical value of the topic.

When writing, we should pay attention to the following questions:

1. The collected documents should be as complete and new as possible. Mastering comprehensive and up-to-date literature is the premise of writing a good summary.

2. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. Citation should be faithful to the original document.

3. References cannot be omitted, generally requiring more than ten articles, which must be read directly by the author.

Second, how to write the design ideas, methods and contents of the project.

1, writing design ideas

Generally speaking, it is what kind of general ideas designers use to complete their own project design. The content mainly includes the design scheme of the topic, the main components of the design steps, where there are some innovative breakthroughs in the topic, what kind of design effect is achieved, and how to show the design results at last.

2. Writing of design methods

There are many design methods, such as case analysis, cross coordinate method, investigation and analysis method, brainstorming method, hope point example method, bionics method, analogy method, reverse thinking method, contraction and expansion method, defect list method, chart list method, etc., but it is impossible to use only one design method when designing topics. It can explain which design methods are mainly used in a certain stage of design. When we apply various methods, we must do it in strict accordance with the requirements of the methods, not by experience or common sense. For example, when we want to conduct market research, we should clearly formulate questionnaires and clarify how to conduct analysis, including comprehensive analysis and design analysis.

3. Writing of design content

Briefly introduce why I made this design (explain the shortcomings of the existing design), and focus on the main contents of my project design, and what I will focus on, hoping to make a breakthrough.

How to write the project research plan and fill in the project declaration form

1, about the theme declaration form

If it is not filled in as required, it should be filled in as required.

If the "subject name" on the cover is adjusted in the research plan, the cover here needs to be adjusted accordingly; "Project leader", just fill in 1; "Completion time", the project research cycle is generally one year, or 1-2 years, and the "completion time" should be filled in at the end of a certain month, and the official start time of the project research is earlier than the time of filing and filling in the form; Write only one "achievement table", usually a "report", including "investigation report", "experiment report", "research report" and "conclusion report", and "thesis" is the advanced form of the report; "Unit and position, title", generally fill in 3 items, if there is no position, fill in 2 items; "Postal code and address" should be clearly and completely filled in. "Contact telephone number" generally fills in the telephone number of the unit (own office) and my mobile phone number, which is convenient for us to contact each other.

The "internal division of labor within the project" in the "information of other members of the project team" on the second side should be clearly filled in, especially who is responsible for the overall design of the project and who undertakes the task of writing the project conclusion report; The official seal of the unit and the signature of the leaders in charge of the unit are indispensable for the "opinions of the project leaders". If the project has been approved, it should be signed and sealed, otherwise your research will not be supported by the unit and leaders.

2, about the topic of the topic

The requirements of selecting topics for educational research conform to the basic principles of necessity, novelty and feasibility. The title is a high summary of the research. Words should be concise, clear and distinctive. The number of words generally does not exceed 2 1. If there are too many words, you can use a subtitle.

According to the above requirements, we think that it is not appropriate to apply for the provincial and municipal planning topics in 2005, such as Kindergarten English (which is controversial at present, and the conditions for setting it are not enough), Application Research of Schema Theory in English Reading Teaching in Grade Three (not suitable for Schema Theory), and Practice and Research on Cultivating Students' Mutual Evaluation Learning Styles in Junior Mathematics (not suitable for junior grades).

There are many researches on some contents (topics) in our city, but we don't think it is necessary to do any more research, such as Reading and Appreciation of Classical Poetry, Preliminary Exploration on the Connection of English Teaching in Rural Primary and Secondary Schools, Practice and Research on the Application of Multimedia Technology in Teaching Classroom, Practice and Research on the Construction of Situational Classroom in Primary School Mathematics, and Practice and Research on Learning Life Composition under the New Concept.

Some topics are not properly formulated, such as Research on Improving Students with Learning Disabilities in English Teaching in Senior High School, Research on Optimizing the Psychological Quality of Students with Learning Disabilities in Rural Areas, Practice and Research on the Integration of Migrant Workers' Children into Local Junior High Schools (unclear), Practice and Research on Activating Junior High School English Classroom with New Ideas (generally using New Curriculum Standard);

Some of them are old topics, so we need a new angle to study them. For example, "Research on the Characteristic Education of Science Fiction Painting in Primary Schools", from which new angle are you going to study your "science fiction painting"? It is necessary to show this new angle in the topic "Practice and Research of Origami Education in Kindergarten" (which new angle should we focus on? Practice and research on self-care education for children's active survival and safety (There are many researches on self-care education, and at present, it emphasizes strengthening the protection of kindergarten doormen, education and teaching activities, etc. ), can be changed to "kindergarten safety protection research", can also be changed to a deeper perspective-"practice and research of early childhood survival education";

Some topics are too big without certain restrictive words, such as "Research on Community Education in Our District". If it is changed to "exploration and research on the integration of educational resources in rural communities", the research angle will be clearer. Restrictive words are added to some topics, but they are not appropriate enough, which affects the value of research. For example, "the hometown of children's wear introduces the research and practice of children's wear design into school art teaching" can be changed to "introduce the research and practice of children's wear design into art teaching". For some standardized curriculum topics, it is best to point out the research methods, such as "experimental research on cultivating students' thinking quality in primary school mathematics" (the method is educational experimental research). Some topics are not pointed out, so it is better to point them out in the topic, otherwise it will be like a summary of experience.

If the above situation exists in any topic, it is necessary to make necessary adjustments.

3. About research projects

The last column of the "Declaration Form for Educational Research Projects" is a "description" of the requirements for design research projects, that is, the requirements for the content of research projects.

"Description" is such a requirement:

The project application must be accompanied by a detailed research plan, which should be designed according to the requirements of the specification, with 2500-5000 words (printed by computer), including the following contents:

(1) The realistic background and significance of the project;

(2) Summary of domestic and international research on similar topics;

(3) the content and expected goal of the study;

(4) If the research has a certain foundation, you can write down the preliminary research results or "operational measures and practices of the research";

(5) Research steps and division of labor;

(6) Analysis of research conditions (including research results related to this topic).

However, some research schemes are not written according to the above requirements and need to be repaired.

Just like writing "the realistic background of the subject", the background of me, the school, the county (district) and even the problems encountered in practice are not reflected or not reflected enough.

The following are some good examples, such as "Research on Children's Self-protection Ability Education", which states the realistic background and significance of the research:

"In the years of teaching in large classes in kindergartens, children often encounter building blocks stuffed into their nostrils, or chasing and fighting in the activity room with scissors and bamboo poles in their hands; Or climbing high and low, pushing and bumping, causing breathing disorders, stab wounds, falls and other accidents. Television, newspapers and other news media often report serious incidents such as children being abducted, drowning and traffic accidents, and many examples are shocking. We conducted a questionnaire survey on 200 preschool parents, and the results are as follows.

Classify children whose parents have been hurt since birth and have not cultivated their self-protection ability. Only when children have problems can they carry out purposeful and planned activities. I hope that kindergartens will give children comprehensive guidance and education.

The telephone number is 98 48 1 15 37 200.

Percentage 49% 24% 57.5%18.5%100%

To sum up, early childhood is a period of frequent emergencies. Analysis of the reasons, an important factor is the child's own weakness. Children are far behind adults in judgment, adaptability and physical strength, so it is difficult to make a correct response in time in the face of sudden accidents, which is easy to lead to accidents. At the same time, parents of young children still pay little attention to the cultivation of their children's self-protection ability. The data show that foreign countries pay more attention to the cultivation of children's ability in this respect, and children's self-protection ability is stronger than that of domestic children. In addition, 1 0,000% of parents want kindergartens to give their children comprehensive guidance, which shows that parents have high expectations for kindergartens. Safety work is an important part of kindergarten work. However, at present, the requirements of kindergarten syllabus are not paid enough attention, and there is no complete teaching material in this regard. Therefore, we take the education of children's self-protection ability as an important topic to study. "

Er Ru wrote A Summary of Research on Similar Topics at Home and Abroad. Some applicants often write down a lot of things they browse on the Internet, but don't they take these things as the guidance of this topic? What will this topic study on the basis of the above quotations? To what extent have our counties (districts), cities and provinces studied? Wait, there's nothing to say, or it's hard to say. Please make it up if necessary. The research situation of this county (district), this city and this province can be roughly understood from the catalogue of project approval and award-winning projects published in recent years, and relevant books should be purchased and read.

Thirdly, if "research contents and objectives" are written, the main problems in the expression of "research contents and objectives" in some schemes are: either lack of operability, lack of "research", and some are vague and wordy.

Here are some well-said examples, such as "Training and Educational Research on Children's Self-protection Ability":

(1) Research contents:

1. Research on the content of children's self-protection education;

First, traffic safety; The second is life safety; The third is activity safety; The fourth is fire safety; The fifth is to prevent accidental injuries, design a series of educational activities, and educate children on self-protection.

2. Research on ways to cultivate children's self-protection ability;

First, take collective education activities; The second is to play role games; Third, it is carried out in daily activities; The fourth is to use some environments; The fifth is to contact and cooperate with parents.

3. Research on training methods of children's self-protection ability;

First, case and story analysis; The second is the game simulation method; The third is comparative method; The fourth is irony; The fifth is the operation method. "

From the above description of "research content", it can be seen that the project designer expounds the research content of the project from three aspects: content arrangement, training approach and training method, which is a combination of "operation" and "research", with clear organization and strong sense of hierarchy.

As for the "research content", it is generally necessary to "define" the keywords in the topic. If you are doing experiments, you should also write "independent variables", "dependent variables" and "controlled variables". Now many approved projects need to be "defined", and the problem of "variable" quantity has not been considered.

(ii) Research objectives:

1. Form a self-protection education sequence and provide a series of self-protection education activities.

2. Through education, children can master the necessary knowledge and skills of self-protection and enhance their awareness of self-protection, thus forming a certain self-protection ability.

3. Reveal and discuss the formation law of children's self-protection ability. "

The above statement of "research goal" is very layered; The second is to form some operable methods that teachers, children and parents follow; Second, what help can be given to children, so that children can master knowledge, enhance their awareness and form their abilities; The third is theoretical breakthrough, such as the revelation and discussion of regularity.

Fourth, if you write "research foundation", you often don't do any research before the project is declared, and you start to declare it at the county (district) level, or even at the city and provincial level, or you don't connect with other projects in your research laboratory, including other research projects in your school. It seems that you are alone. In fact, if you think about it carefully, the "research foundation" still has something to write about and must be reflected. For example, the book "Practice and Exploration of the Education Voucher System in China" describes the appraisal of the achievements of provincial planning research projects in Changxing County, and the education voucher seminar held by the Provincial Department of Education in Changxing County. However, Huang Xinmao, the leader of the provincial office, put forward at the seminar: "For example, when the national project is established next year, Zhejiang education vouchers will be set up as national planning projects." What do you mean? That is, with the research foundation of Changxing and the foundation of the provincial seminar, the establishment of national projects will be considered. Therefore, when you apply for provincial and municipal scientific research projects, you should write down the "research foundation", or when you have a certain research foundation, you can apply for provincial and municipal projects, which is more qualified and qualified.

Five, such as "research steps and division of labor", there must be stage time and stage tasks, and there must be at least three stages, namely, preparation stage, implementation stage and conclusion stage. Among them, the "implementation stage" can be divided into several specific stages. The division of labor of the research group should also be specific and clear, and it cannot be done by the moderator alone. Some topics are relatively large and need to be defined as sub-topics. Then, who should undertake it and which sub-topics should be defined.

Six, such as "analysis of research conditions", including the research level and ability of the project leader and the members of the research group, and the degree of human, financial and material support provided by the unit. Some topics involve their own authority and need the consent and support of the unit leaders. Therefore, the seal of the unit and the signature of the leader have been taken down and must be supplemented.

Second, the project implementation

1, the research should be carefully implemented according to the research plan (opening report) finally established at the opening meeting. The seriousness of the research plan should be guaranteed, and the topics, main contents, expected objectives, research methods and step division finally determined at the opening meeting should not be changed at will.

2. Determine the methods, contents, steps and requirements according to the research (experiment) scheme. And make appropriate adjustments according to the changed situation to effectively implement the research work. You can look at the excellent research reports (selected papers) provided by us, including the "project implementation" part, and it is not difficult to see the solid research (experiment) work carried out by the undertakers of these projects.

3. Strictly implement the established research system of the project, such as timely recording "phased plan of project implementation", "summary and experience of relevant theoretical study" and "research group activities (including research, visit, class opening, class evaluation, random feelings, etc.). ) According to the designed Project Implementation Record Book; According to the requirements of stage summary, fill in "process and achievements of project implementation", "problems and deficiencies of project research" and "improvement measures of project research" in the summary table of project research stage in time; The members of the research group should strive to complete the phased research (experiment) task and seriously organize (participate in) the summary and exchange activities of the phased research.

4. Researchers should be "data-conscious", and all aspects of research should form data as much as possible, including opening report, pre-test data and analysis report, stage summary, activity materials, exchange materials, sub-project research reports (papers), relevant cases, post-test data and analysis report, award-winning data, etc. We should attach great importance to the collation of data and save the collected data in various ways, preferably with data cards or computers. All kinds of research data should be filed and classified.

5, the project undertaker should often report the research progress to the county, district (municipal schools directly to the city) education planning office, and take the initiative to accept the management.

On the writing method of teaching reflection

First, what is teaching reflection

Reflective teaching means that teachers consciously take their own classroom teaching practice as the object of understanding and make a comprehensive and in-depth calm thinking and summary. It is a learning method used to improve one's own business and teaching practice, constantly reflect on one's own educational practice and actively explore and solve a series of problems in educational practice, so as to further enrich oneself and improve the teaching level.

Second, why write teaching reflection?

1, the significance of promoting the deep development of thinking.

Generally speaking, thinking is often put on hold because of time, the law of brain forgetting and other factors. , or because thinking stays in general or has not yet come up with specific results. Writing, first of all, requires teachers to seriously recall the teaching phenomena that attract attention in teaching, describe them concretely, meticulously and vividly, and form a further detailed and comprehensive understanding of teaching events and cases, so as to lay the foundation for in-depth thinking. Secondly, when writing reflection, we should express the content of thinking logically, methodically and rationally, so as to make thinking more rational. We often encounter such a phenomenon; At the same time, think about the teaching phenomena and cases written down, because the writing is informative, and the thinking will tend to be comprehensive.

2. Promote the in-depth study of teacher education theory.

If you think in general, it is often the teacher's thinking that cannot be combined with theoretical study, which leads to superficial thinking. And writing often makes people have a deeper demand for writing. Driven by this demand, it is often necessary to consult some materials and read some books to encourage teachers to study further. It is to combine one's own thinking with the theory advocated, so as to improve theoretical understanding and improve one's theoretical level.

3. Promote the accumulation and promotion of teachers' experience.

General thinking will forget the past with the passage of time. Writing, on the other hand, can help teachers accumulate their own experiences, problems and thoughts in teaching practice, so that they can deeply remember the typical examples and thoughts in their teaching phenomena. Because of the accumulation of writing, the teacher really becomes a teacher with rich teaching experience and rational thinking. At the same time, what is written down is more convenient to communicate with people and will promote the better development of teachers.

Third, the content of teaching reflection

1, written successfully

The practice of achieving the pre-designed teaching purpose and causing teaching shock effect in the teaching process; Appropriate temporary measures in classroom teaching; Clear and organized blackboard writing; The infiltration and application process of some teaching ideas and methods; The feeling of applying some basic principles in pedagogy and psychology; Reform and innovation of teaching methods. On this basis, we will continue to improve, perfect and innovate to reach the peak of glory.

2. Write down the shortcomings

Even successful classroom teaching will inevitably have omissions and mistakes. We should systematically review and sort them out, and make a profound reflection, exploration and analysis on them, so as to draw lessons for future re-teaching.

3. Wit in writing teaching.

In classroom teaching, with the development of teaching content, the harmonious thinking development and emotional communication between teachers and students often generate instant inspiration because of some accidental events. These "sparks of wisdom" often suddenly appear involuntarily. If we don't catch them through after-class reflection in time, they will disappear with time, which is regrettable.

4. Writing about students' innovation

In the process of classroom teaching, students are the main body of learning, and there is always a "spark of innovation" flashing on students. Teachers should fully affirm some unique opinions put forward by students in class, which not only promotes students' good methods and ideas, but also appreciates and encourages them. At the same time, these valuable insights are also a supplement and improvement to classroom teaching, which can broaden teachers' teaching ideas and improve teaching level. So recording it can supplement rich materials and nutrients for future teaching.

5. Write "Re-teaching Design"

After a class, I meditated and explored what teaching rules; What are the innovations in teaching methods? What did you find on the knowledge points? What are the new tricks for organizing teaching? Whether there is a breakthrough in solving many misunderstandings of the problem; Whether enlightenment is appropriate; Whether the training is in place and so on. Write down these gains and losses in time, make necessary classification and balance, consider what to do when re-teaching this part of the content, and write "re-teaching design", so as to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, strive for perfection, and raise their teaching level to a new level and height.

Fourth, write a good method of teaching reflection

1, reflect from doubts.

Looking for problems from doubts will at least lead to thinking from two angles. For example, whether the application of teaching methods is scientific. From the perspective of "yes" and "no", we can also postpone thinking about how to be more scientific and how to avoid being unscientific.

2. Reflection from changing positions.

A teaching detail will be different from the perspective of teachers, students and parents, as well as students at different levels. Therefore, in the process of reflection, we should seek transposition organically and "surround" the theme of reflection from multiple angles to enhance the depth and objectivity of reflection.

3. Reflection on the change of knowledge system and discipline field.

Comprehensive practice and interdisciplinary teaching practice are the new concepts of curriculum standards. Therefore, reflection should sometimes seek different answers by changing the knowledge system and subject field.

4. Transform time and space to reflect.

Changes in environment and time have affected people's cognition. Every teaching detail has its temporal and spatial characteristics of occurrence and development. There are many accidental factors in the success or failure of a class and an education and teaching process. Don't let go or ignore hidden problems because of success or failure.

5. Reflect on hypothetical questions.

Thinking-oriented design is the key to cultivate innovative thinking. Hypothesis is an important way of logical thinking. A hypothesis represents a new idea, a new concept, and can even produce the opposite result to the existing problem. Putting forward a hypothesis in reflection may be a key to solving the problem after finding it.

6. Think from the perspective of contact and contrast.

Contrast reflects differences, and connection reflects cohesion. Through the horizontal and vertical connection and comparison, we can find many new problems.

7. reflect on the nature of things.

Philosophy is the foundation of all sciences, and psychology and pedagogy are the foundation of educational science. To learn to do deeper reflection, we must master philosophical principles, learn psychology and pedagogy knowledge, make "reflection" more comprehensive, scientific and objective, and improve the gold content of "reflection".

Fifth, write the attention points of teaching reflection.

1, pay attention to the "foothold" of reflection.

Teachers are mostly at the level of practical research, so they should pay attention to their own advantages and find a foothold of "reflection". First of all, we should do a good job of self-reflection on personal teaching ability and teaching style, such as whether the classroom teaching design is too simple, whether the teaching organization is orderly, whether the incentives and rewards are correct, and whether the classroom atmosphere is harmonious. Through some self-reflection, make clear the short-and medium-term goals and directions of self-reflection; Secondly, "reflection" should be combined with the understanding of actual educational resources, such as community environment, school environment, school conditions, students' reality and so on. With the actual understanding of educational resources, "reflection" can seek truth from facts and adapt to local conditions.

2. Pay attention to the "systematization" of reflection.

A lesson and a teaching detail are all factors of reflection, but "reflection" is not only for a lesson and a teaching detail, but for better changing our whole teaching concept and thinking, in the final analysis, for improving the vitality of education and teaching. Therefore, we must do a good job of reflection and have a systematic awareness. All disciplines are composed of several subsystems, and each subsystem has its own inherent characteristics and traditional experience accumulation. Only through "systematic" reflection and practice can we improve our overall teaching ability and our educational ideological realm.

3. Pay attention to the practicality of reflection.

The new curriculum standard is an idea, practice is carried out under the guidance of the idea, and the idea is developed under the demonstration of practice. The purpose of "reflection" is to reform teaching practice and embody value in practice.

4. Pay attention to the "development" of reflection.

For teachers in the new era, the accumulation of experience and the renewal of knowledge and ability are very important. Therefore, reflection is not only a reflection on teaching practice, but also a "re-reflection" on "reflection", re-learning after reflection and re-reflection after learning.

Design and writing of project research scheme

1. What is the design of the research project?

The design of research project is the overall scheme for researchers to complete research tasks.

Second, the significance of research project design

(a) to ensure that the research has a clear direction and objectives.

(two) to ensure that the research steps are orderly.

(three) is conducive to the project demonstration, evaluation and management.

Three, the main content and requirements of the research plan.

(1) Project name.

Requirements: concise, appropriate and clear.

For example, the research and application of students' electronic growth records

(2) Definition of subject.

Asking to answer the question "What is it?" And explain the title of the topic and the meaning of its keywords. Many contents of the scheme design will be sent out from this.

The scientific definition of disciplines is conducive to the relevance of research contents and activities, and prevents the arbitrary transfer of research objectives and directions or the expansion or narrowing of research scope.

For example, the "electronic growth record" project

Using network technology (digital teaching platform) to carry out process evaluation and multiple evaluation reflects students' efforts, progress and achievements in many aspects. Give full play to the role of evaluation in promoting students' development and improving teachers' teaching, and explore and try evaluation methods and techniques at the same time.

Topic selection of the sub-topic of "student growth record";

1, various (cognition, emotion, skills, etc. ) record the growth of students and the corresponding evaluation and recording methods;

2. The influence of the design of learning mode, activity mode and evaluation mode on the realization of "electronic growth record";

3. Design of online teaching activities and construction of evaluation model;

4. How to design formative evaluation of subject knowledge unit or activity unit;

5. How to conduct students' self-evaluation and mutual evaluation;

6. How to give full play to the enthusiasm of students, teachers and parents in the evaluation;

7. How to implement process evaluation and multiple evaluation through "electronic growth record";

8. How to combine qualitative evaluation with quantitative evaluation through "electronic growth record";

9. The influence of "electronic growth record" on students' growth (theoretical and experimental data);

Case studies of students, teachers and parents; Research on the form of experimental class; Research on different literacy skills)

(3) Research background and significance.

Asked to answer "why do you want to do this research?" . Can explain:

1. Research reasons.

Specific instructions:

(1) era background. Used to explain the new social reference standard chosen by researchers.

(2) Aiming at the problem. According to the requirements of the new social reference standard, explain the main problems in education that this topic tries to solve.

The problems listed in the general topic should include the problems that the sub-topics aim to solve and prevent contradictions in various statements. Sub-topics should be explained in detail according to some problems listed in the general topic.

The problems to be solved should correspond to the research objectives, guiding theories, research contents and operational variables, and give consideration to both before and after to prevent mutual separation.

(3) the needs of students' development.

(4) the needs of school development.

The needs of new curriculum reform, student development, teacher development and school development.

The new curriculum reform puts forward new requirements for schools, teachers and students according to social development. The key now is how to make these new requirements come true. Failure to meet these requirements will not only fail to achieve the goal of new curriculum reform, but also affect the overall education quality, comprehensive national strength and competitiveness of China in the 2 1 century. It greatly affects the development of students and the quality of talents in China. Therefore,

The new requirements must be transformed into the behavior and quality of teachers and students and become the management of the school.

Taking the reform of educational evaluation as the breakthrough point, we should carry out educational research on teaching methods and learning methods, promote teachers' professional growth and students' all-round development, and improve the quality of running schools.

Establish an information-based learning system of learning, communication and communication to promote the synchronous development of school management level and teachers' education and teaching ability;

2. The advanced nature of this research. It shows that the research of this topic conforms to the present situation and development trend of related research at home and abroad, and there are both connections and differences with it.

The reform of educational evaluation lags behind the practice of new curriculum reform. Evaluation has become a bottleneck for the new curriculum reform.

Evaluation is diversified, real-time, networked, procedural and qualitative.

3. The practical significance and theoretical value of this study.

Establish evaluation standards, contents and methods suitable for the new curriculum reform.

Give full play to the enthusiasm of teachers, students and parents to participate in the new curriculum reform.

Promote students' all-round development.

Promote teachers' professional growth.

(4) Research object.

Can explain:

1. Determine the representativeness of the object according to the purpose and task of the study.

2. Calculate the number of research objects according to statistical requirements.

3. Make the experimental object and the controlled object equal by pretest, or determine the research object and the controlled object by random sampling.

The objects can be: science classes, subject groups, activity groups, students, teachers, parents and so on.