Tao Xingzhi's educational thought paper 1: "Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? Educational enlightenment of thought "
Summary: Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? Thought will? Do what? Put it at the center of teaching, highlight? Do what? At the same time, it does not deny the role of teaching and learning, the unity of knowing and doing, the integration of teaching and doing, and the emphasis on? Integration of teaching and learning? . This educational thought has an important enlightening effect on cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability, which is emphasized by current quality education.
Keywords: Tao Xingzhi's innovative spirit of teaching, learning, doing and practicing.
? Integration of teaching and learning? It is not only the teaching part of Tao Xingzhi's life education theory, but also the core and outstanding creation of his education theory. Tao Xingzhi said in the article "Integration of Teaching and Doing". The integration of teaching and learning is a law of life and education. It means: the method of teaching is based on the method of learning; The learning method is based on the method of doing. Learn to do things and teach to learn. Teaching and learning are centered on doing. Teachers teach while doing, and students go to school while doing. ? At the same time, he said: The integration of teaching and learning is the explanation of life phenomenon, that is, the explanation of education phenomenon. In life, doing things means learning for your own progress and teaching for your own influence. Teaching and doing are only three aspects of life, not three mutually exclusive processes. ?
From Tao Xingzhi, right? Integration of teaching and learning? On the stipulation of ideological connotation, we can draw the following points: 1. Teaching is one thing, not three. ? That is, three should? Unity? Should not be separated. Tao Xingzhi saw an instructor in Xiaozhuang divide activities into teaching, learning and doing, and thought that the instructor was separating teaching from doing, not integrating teaching with doing. So bring it up? Teaching is one thing, not three? . In fact, teaching and doing can't be separated, otherwise teaching will return to teaching, learning will return to learning, and doing will return to doing. 2.？ Integration of teaching and learning? Emphasize need? Doing things? As a starting point. Teachers should teach students to do things and be willing to do things; Students should learn to do things. So what? Learning by doing, learning and teaching. Otherwise, there is no clear goal for teaching and learning. 3. Both teaching and learning should be based on? Do what? Center. This is? Learning by doing, learning and teaching. Inevitability, so Tao Xingzhi said: If you want to teach and learn well, you must do well. ? Do what? Become the center of learning and teaching? , teaching and learning in? Do what? If we are unified, such teaching is the true teaching, and such learning is the true learning, just as Tao Xingzhi said. Doing middle school is real teaching; Students learn by doing, which is the real learning. ?
Visible Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? Thinking? Do what? Put it at the center of teaching. Do what? Is the focus of the teaching process, and teaching and learning must be embodied in students? Do what? On, otherwise it is not a real teaching. However, Tao Xingzhi did not deny the role of teaching and learning, nor did he simply take it? Do what? Instead of teaching and learning. He clearly pointed out:? We should oppose two incorrect tendencies. First, completely eliminate the boundary between teaching and learning, and deny the wrong tendency of teacher leadership; The other is the wrong tendency of only discipline, not asking students' interests and not paying attention to students' questions. ? The former denies the leading role of teachers, which will inevitably lead to the laissez-faire of classroom teaching, while the latter completely ignores the main role of students, leaving them in a passive position. So, in the teaching activities? Do what? Teaching, speaking and practice are not completely excluded. He just aimed? If you don't need it, do you need it? Traditional education pays more attention to teaching than learning, and puts forward that these methods should be unified into practice, which requires that teaching and learning should be combined with practice, with real life, seeking truth in practice, exploring truth and testing truth in real life. As he said:? It cannot be said that planting rice is dry, reading is learning, and explaining is teaching. Explanations are being made for growing rice. Reading for growing rice is also doing. ? He went further than that? Do you know? With what? Okay？ Summarized the relationship, what do you think? Doing is the beginning of knowing, and knowing is the achievement of doing. ? We can see what he said from here. Do what? In fact, it is the unity of knowledge and practice, life practice, social practice and scientific experiment activities in a broad sense. The integration of teaching and learning is also the concrete application of dialectical materialism in the teaching field. These three are interrelated and complement each other.
Facing all kinds of common problems in the traditional teaching process, the state proposes educational reform and implements quality education. Quality education highlights the cultivation of students' innovative spirit and practical ability, and encourages current educators to change their educational ideas, update their educational concepts, and constantly absorb new nutrients from traditional and modern educational ideas, so as to adapt to the current pace of educational reform and make contributions to the current educational cause.
Tao Xingzhi said: The best education, in order to make it effective, must be the integration of teaching and learning; The combination of teaching and learning is the most effective method. Integration of teaching and learning? His educational thought emphasizes "want"? Do what? As the center of teaching, if teaching and doing are not linked, may there be a teacher to teach? Dead book? Students study? Dead book? Phenomenon. What is Tao Xingzhi's idea in view of the disadvantages of traditional educational ideas? Do what? Center,? Integration of teaching and learning? Wang's teaching thought provides us with enlightenment to solve the problem of cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability put forward by current quality education;
First of all, the teaching method should be based on learning methods, so as to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. According to Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? Thought and teaching methods should be based on learning methods; The teacher's responsibility lies in teaching students to learn. Therefore, teachers should study not only teaching methods, but also learning methods. In order to study teaching methods on the basis of studying learning methods, only by fully understanding students' learning interests and laws can teaching be the real teaching. Therefore, in classroom teaching, we should practice democracy, form a harmonious and pleasant teaching atmosphere, return the basic freedom of learning to students and liberate their body and mind. Only in this way can we truly master students' learning interests and learning rules, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and only in this process can we cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability. Democracy is the best condition for creativity? .
Secondly, teaching should focus on doing (practicing) and cultivate students' creative spirit. Tao Xingzhi believes that the theory of the integration of teaching and learning also focuses on? Do what? A word? . ? Do what? According to his explanation, what does it mean? Simple labor, simple labor, can't be considered real labor. What we really need to do is to work hard. ? . Doing is hard work. So what? Do what? It has the following three characteristics: (1) action; (2) thoughts; (3) the generation of new value. ? Namely. Thought comes from action, and new value comes from thought. This is the process of creation? . ? Doing is invention, creation, experiment, construction, production, destruction, struggle and way out. ? So he thinks? The highest state of doing is creation? . Actually, it's the same. In response to Zhu Duanyan's question, Tao Xingzhi said that as far as he knows, the first-class insights discovered at all times and all over the world were made. The history of human civilization is a creation epic, isn't it? Do what? Get out. It can be seen that in order to cultivate students' innovative spirit and become creative talents, we should always emphasize the integration of teaching and learning in the classroom, and both teaching and learning should be based on? Do what? Center.
Third, should teaching be implemented? Six liberation? Stimulate students' creative potential. To cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability, we must believe that there is great creative potential hidden in students. In teaching, the mind must always run through such a main line, that is, always pay attention? Teaching and doing? Stimulate students' innovative consciousness, tap students' creative potential, stimulate students' enthusiasm for innovation and practice, and let students try to innovate by doing. We must firmly believe that this is entirely possible. As Mr. Tao Xingzhi said: everywhere is a place of creation, every day is a time of creation, and everyone is a creator. ? To this end, we must change the traditional educational concept. We should: (1) emancipate our minds and let him think; (2) free his hands and make him competent; (3) Liberate his eyes so that he can see; (4) Liberate his mouth so that he can speak; (5) Liberate his space and let him gain more knowledge in the natural society; (6) Liberate his time, give him some free time to digest what he has learned, learn something he is eager to learn, and do something he is willing to do. Is this what Tao Xingzhi emphasized that teaching should be implemented? Six liberation? .
Finally, educators should update the traditional education system and establish an innovative talent environment. ? Integration of teaching and learning? Obviously, our educational thought is different from the traditional educational way. From the teacher's point of view, it should be creative teaching, or creative doing. From the students' point of view, teachers should guide them to learn creatively, or learn by doing creatively. From the perspective of combining theory with practice, Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? There are different levels of thought from low to high. Although it contains the basic idea of traditional education, it also goes beyond it. What do we emphasize here? Integration of teaching and learning? Belong to a relatively high level. In view of the current goal of quality education, from this new level, we must update the corresponding teaching mode, teaching means and teaching methods. The examination forms related to exam-oriented education must also be sublated, that is, educators must re-examine the traditional education system and redesign the education system from the current quality education goal to establish a good educational environment for the shaping of creative talents.
To sum up, Tao Xingzhi? Integration of teaching and learning? Where is the center? Do what? The teaching concept of "new york" has changed the traditional teaching, from taking books as the center and textbook knowledge as the center to taking practice as the center and real life as the center. It overcomes the disadvantages of traditional education, such as attaching importance to teaching rather than learning, attaching importance to knowledge rather than practice, attaching importance to teachers' leading over students' subject, and separating teaching from learning and learning from application, which helps us to strengthen the combination of teaching and learning, learning and application, education and productive labor, and theory and practice in classroom teaching.
References:
[1] Editorial Committee of Tao Xingzhi's Complete Works. Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi (Volume I) [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press, 1985.
[2] Editorial Committee of Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi. Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi (Volume V) [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press, 1985.
[3] Editorial Committee of Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi. Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi (Volume II) [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press, 1985.
[4] Editorial Committee of Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi. Complete Works of Tao Xingzhi (Volume VII) [C]. Changsha: Hunan Education Press, 1985.
The second part of Tao Xingzhi's educational thought: Interpreting Tao Xingzhi's educational thought and promoting quality education.
Abstract: Interpreting Tao Xingzhi? Love teaching all over the world, doing everything, students' independent life education, creative education? Is it worthwhile to marvel at his educational thought? Great people's educator? . Today, it is still of great practical and guiding significance to look at today's educational reform in connection with Tao Xingzhi's educational thought theory. He is full of the spirit of the times, the spirit of innovation and the insight of people's educational thought, which embodies the essence of quality education today and becomes the source for teachers to continuously absorb the nutrition of educational reform.
Keywords: Tao Xingzhi; Love all over the world; Integration of teaching and learning; Life is education; Innovative education
The Collection of Tao Xingzhi's Education brings together the essence of Mr. Tao Xingzhi's lifelong education and teaching research and practice. This article is easy to understand. Love teaching all over the world, doing everything, students' independent life education, creative education? Wait, it embodies Mr. Tao Xingzhi's? Life is education? And then what? Unity of knowledge and action? After more than 80 years' test, his unique educational thought not only has high academic value, but also has strong reference value and guiding significance for China's educational reform today.
Interpret Tao Xingzhi's educational thought and marvel that he is worthy? Great people's educator? . Today, it is still of great practical and guiding significance for us to look at today's educational reform in connection with Tao Xingzhi's educational thought theory. He is full of the spirit of the times, the spirit of innovation and the insight of people's educational thought, which embodies the essence of quality education today and becomes the source for us to continuously absorb the nutrition of educational reform.
First,? Love the world? Is the foundation
Love means dedication. Since ancient times, education has been regarded as a sacred profession full of selfless dedication. Regrettably, in today's surging tide of socialist market economy, some educators are consciously or unconsciously used to measuring their careers from the perspective of commercialization and utilitarianism, so that they gradually lose their highest spiritual realm. Numbness, apathy or hypocrisy and snobbery pervade some teachers, students and their parents. ? Come with a heart, not a grass. ? It is with his great love that Mr. Tao moistens countless childlike innocence and cultivates countless loves. This kind of love is exactly what every educator needs today.
? Without love, there is no education? Kyle Lianke, an educator in the former Soviet Union, explained the true meaning of Tao Xingzhi's education. As a great people's educator and educational thinker, Mr. Tao Xingzhi advocated and practiced the education of love with wise eyes and broad mind. Teachers love students, there is education, and students love teachers, there is educational effect.
Second,? Creative education? Is the essence.
Creative education is the essence of Tao Xingzhi's educational thought, an important part of his educational thought system and the main content of his thought system. Mr. Tao Xingzhi believes that creation is the endless vitality of a nation and the essence of a national culture. The so-called creative education is not only an education to cultivate national vitality, but also an education to cultivate students? Unique? Ability education. He was created by the famous French sculptor Rodin? Did the evil do it? Words, led to his unique views on creative education.
He thinks:? Every day is a time to create, every place is a place to create, and everyone is a creator. ? The core of Tao Xingzhi's creative education is to develop students' creativity. Today, we advocate the establishment of? Guide the self-study class? This teaching mode aims at grasping the pulse of classroom teaching reform in the new century and promoting the research and improvement of classroom teaching. The idea of this teaching mode coincides with Tao Xingzhi's educational thought of creating a democratic and harmonious relationship between teachers and students, emphasizing that students are the main body of the classroom, and its goal is to give full play to students' initiative in learning and cultivate their innovative ability.
Third,? Integration of teaching and learning? This is a guarantee.
Mr. Tao Xingzhi said: it is true to teach with him as a teacher; Students learn by doing, which is practical learning. ? This emphasizes the importance of practice and autonomous learning. The change of learning style required by the new curriculum is from the traditional, passive, accepted and closed learning style to the active, discovery and cooperative learning style, advocating autonomy and exploration, giving full play to students' subjective consciousness, creativity and practical ability, and making students truly become the masters of learning.
Mr. Tao Xingzhi proposed? Integration of teaching and learning? , clearly pointed out:? Doing middle school is real teaching; What students learn by doing is practical learning? . And then what? Education that can't lead people to do is false education; Schools that can't guide people to do it are fake schools; Books that can't guide people to do are fake books? . For a problem, teachers don't have to use ready-made solutions to teach students, but should organize and guide students how to find this solution, so that students can find this method by themselves through similar experience in the shortest time, and can use this experience to find other methods and solve other problems. With this experience, students can explore knowledge by themselves and become active learners. What if the teacher can only use it? New wine in old bottles? Then you can't see anything new. Only by continuous research can teachers find new ideas. Only when they never tire of learning can they teach people tirelessly.
Fourth,? Life is education? Is the core
? Life is education? It is the core of Mr. Tao Xingzhi's life education theory, with rich connotations. It emphasizes that education is life-centered, and opposes that traditional education is divorced from life and book-centered. In connection with the requirements of the current curriculum reform, our teaching should be as advocated by Tao Xingzhi: people should actively participate in life and choose and accept in the contradictions and struggles of life? Forward, up? what's up A good life? .
? Life education? This theory not only played a positive role in his time, but also has practical significance for today's education and teaching. What is the purpose of life education? Cultivate a reasonable life? . Tao Xingzhi has a famous saying: teach thousands of religions and teach people to seek truth; Learn from thousands of things and learn to be a real person. Teach people to seek truth and learn truth? Cultivating people is the fundamental goal of life education, so cultivating a reasonable life is also the best footnote of life education. ? Real people? The specific goals are: (1) to be a person who pursues the truth and dedicates himself to it; (2) be a man, not a man; (3) Be a moral person; (4) To be a complete person, that is, a person with a healthy body, an independent mind, an independent career, both hands and brains, and wisdom, benevolence and courage; (5) Being the master of one's own house means being the master of one's own country and nature; (6) the creator; (7) Be a modern person. It can be seen that the reasonable life cultivated by life education is a life of all-round development, continuous creation and continuous progress. The Outline of Education Reform and Development in China points out:? What should primary and secondary schools do? Examination-oriented education has turned to the track of comprehensively improving the national quality, facing all students, comprehensively improving students' ideological and moral, cultural and scientific, labor skills and physical and mental quality, and promoting students' lively development. ? Through comparison, it is not difficult to see that the goal of life education training is not contradictory to the current requirements of quality education, but consistent.
Looking back on the past and looking forward to the future, my educational road has just begun at my feet, and Mr. Tao's educational thought has just touched the tip of the iceberg. Let's seriously study Mr. Tao Xingzhi's educational theory again and carry forward the banner of quality education and innovative education. Come with a heart, not a grass? Faith, will be devoted to education for life.
References:
Xiaofeng Hu. Tao Xingzhi's educational anthology. Sichuan Education Press, 2007-0 1.
[2] Fang Ming. Tao Xingzhi's famous articles on education. Educational science press.
Tao Xingzhi's Educational Thought Part III: Tao Xingzhi's Creative Education Thought.
Based on the concrete analysis of "Six Emancipations" in Tao Xingzhi's creative education thought, this paper illustrates how to cultivate children's creativity with examples. Starting with the analysis of some problems existing in the current process of children's education, this paper further expounds the importance and necessity of creative education. Finally, with the help of in-depth understanding and reflection on Tao Xingzhi's creative education thought, the feasibility of creative education under the current education system is discussed.
Keywords: creative education, preschool education
In my opinion, children's creative education is the most basic and important stage in the whole education system. Creative thinking ability is the most precious quality of talents in 2 1 century. As the former Soviet educator Karuf Delsky said: Young children are the most diligent mental workers on our planet. Every child is born as an unparalleled creative laboratory. They have unlimited imagination and unlimited development trend. ? Indeed, from the perspective of children's psychological development, preschool is the embryonic stage of creative ability, but it is only a potential. Only under the guidance of correct educational methods can we further tap this potential.
In the process of establishing the theory of life education, Tao Xingzhi put forward the idea of creative education. Children are the creators of a new era? Children's creativity should be liberated and cultivated, not suppressed or even destroyed. Therefore, creative education must start with children. In order to cultivate children's creative ability, he proposed children's creative education? Six liberation? .
1. Free children's eyes
First of all, we should clarify the purpose of observation, help children determine the object of observation, encourage children to pay attention to the end, and don't easily shift the goal.
Second, observe step by step.
Third, pay attention to observing things from multiple angles, not limited to one angle, and the results of observation from different angles may be different.
Fourth, learn to compare the same thing with different things, find subtle differences and improve observation ability.
In short, liberating children's eyes is to encourage them to see the real world freely and truly.
2. Emancipate children's brains
An American mother went for a ride and asked her daughter, what is this? My daughter, who is already in the first grade, answered affirmatively, what is this? ○? . And it is this circle, before the daughter went to the first grade, when the mother asked the same question, did the daughter have it? Is the sun and grapes like table tennis? Various answers. So what imprisons children's thinking? Later, the mother resolutely went to court with the school, and the court ruled that the school lost the case.
People often say that you can go as far as your mind goes. Only the unexpected, nothing can't be done. People's imagination can be endless. These are all explaining a truth. A person's growth or success depends on his view of things. For the same problem, some people can only see the appearance and can't escape the traditional mindset. But some people can let go of their own thinking, develop rich imagination, find a breakthrough, and finally succeed through hard practice. And this extraordinary thinking ability is exactly what we should vigorously advocate and cultivate in childhood.
3. Free the child's hands
Now most students are only children, and the whole family lives around the children. Little emperor? Life. However, just as the elders prepared every meal and washed every piece of clothes for them, the children lost the opportunity to exercise again and again. Then, a strange thing happened. Students can go to college, but they can't live independently. Similarly, the phenomenon of high scores and low abilities is also common among students studying abroad in China. Most of these students have excellent academic performance, but they lack laboratory operation experience and poor hands-on ability. Therefore, it is particularly important to liberate students' hands under the current circumstances, and students should be allowed to do everything by themselves. Tao Xingzhi is outspoken about his practical ability in life? Can't grow vegetables, not a student? . In practical teaching, we should create conditions for students to actively start work. For example, when teaching children to know cuboids, let them draw, cut and spell by themselves, and implement education to promote the brain. This understanding may be more profound.
4. Emancipate children's mouths
In real life, many adults, including myself, are tired of children's rambling questions. When dealing with children's questions, sometimes we will answer politely? You're still young, so you'll understand later? And many times, we will refuse children's questions without mercy. Why ask so many questions at an early age? Just teach you how to do it. Be obedient. . Now it seems that for children, how mercilessly we have killed their desire to explore. Therefore, the realization of creative education needs us to start from ourselves, encourage children to speak, express their views and ask their own questions. Perhaps a casual question will become a great invention of mankind in a few years.
Step 5 make room for children
Don't keep children at home, let them explore their horizons in nature and society. Liberate space, broaden students' cognitive horizons and give play to students' innate creativity. Nature is the best teacher. It is all-encompassing and has endless mysteries. It is an excellent way to enrich knowledge and broaden horizons for students to feel, understand and explore in nature and exercise in society. As we all know, the most effective way to let students know the beauty of spring is to go out of school and into nature and let them experience it themselves. I think this feeling effect can't be achieved by any gorgeous language, and boring explanations will make students lose interest in this course more and more. When discussing people's creativity, Maslow said that everyone has a certain degree of creativity, and the initial creativity is often unconscious, which can promote people's discovery and invention. Therefore, children should be given room to develop and think freely.
6. It's time to liberate children.
Don't fill your child's schedule with homework. Give your child some free time to digest knowledge, think about things he is interested in and do things he is willing to do. Where are the students now? Exam-oriented education elite education? In the social environment, students are under unprecedented pressure and lack of sleep. It has seriously affected the physical and mental development of students. Sun Yunxiao, deputy director of China Youth Research Center, pointed out in 1993 "Competition in Summer Camp" that the average height, weight, chest circumference, muscles, vital capacity and endurance of male and female students aged 7- 17 in China are not as good as those of Japanese students of the same age. Relevant surveys show that more than 80% of primary school students have about 2 hours of homework every day; The average exercise time of primary and middle school students in China is no more than half an hour every day. 46.9% of primary and secondary school students did not meet the national sleep standard (9 hours). One-third of the students feel lack of sleep, 765,438+0% of the senior three students are nearsighted, and two-thirds of the students feel pressure from exams. However, just shout? Reduce the burden? At present, the schoolwork burden of primary and secondary school students has not really been reduced, and various interest classes are full of students' Sundays.
To sum up, only for the sake of our children can we really do the above? Six liberation? It can realize children's creative education and develop their creativity.
Concluding remarks
Through the study and discussion of Mr. Tao Xingzhi's educational concept, I really feel the importance and necessity of creative education, and also deeply feel the complexity of its implementation and implementation. But I firmly believe that we have found that children are creative, and we know that children are creative, so we must further emancipate their creativity.
There is Watt under your pointer, Newton in your cold eyes and Edison in your hungry smile. Don't be too busy driving them away. You have to wait until you take the steam wheel, light the lamp and learn calculus before you recognize them as your pupils.
References:
Tao Xingzhi. Life is education (Tao Xingzhi's educational masterpiece). Education Science Press, 2006.
Tao Xingzhi. Collected works of Tao Xingzhi. Jiangsu: Education Press, 200 1.
Zhang chuanxiang. History of education in China. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 20 10.
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