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Manufacture and principle of porcelain crown
Summary? Prosthodontics is a clinical science that studies and applies physiological methods, uses artificial devices to repair various defects in oral and maxillofacial regions and restore their corresponding physiological functions, so as to prevent or treat oral and maxillofacial diseases. It is an important part of stomatology, which is produced by the combination of medicine and multidisciplinary, and belongs to the category of biomedical engineering. The full name of porcelain tooth is porcelain fused to metal crown, which is an ideal restoration. It is a metal base made of alloy, covered with low melting point porcelain powder similar to natural teeth, and sintered and melted in a vacuum high temperature porcelain furnace, which has both the strength of metal and the beauty of porcelain crown. It is characterized by restoring the shape and function of teeth, strong bending strength, realistic color and appearance, smooth surface, strong wear resistance, no deformation and stable color. Successful porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations should have realistic appearance, stable color, acid and alkali resistance and permanence.
Key words: prosthodontics; Operation; Porcelain fused to metal crown; Prosthesis;
[Type text]
Anhui medical college graduation thesis
catalogue
First of all, the theory of threads
Second, the principle of making metal porcelain crown
Third, the manufacturing process of porcelain fused to metal crown
Four. conclusion
Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference
Six, please
[Type text]
Anhui medical college graduation thesis
Picture index
Figure 1
[Type] Figure 2 Figure 3
Anhui medical college graduation thesis
First of all, the theory of threads
(A) the background and purpose of making porcelain crowns
Porcelain crown is a common restoration method in recent years, which is widely accepted by people. It is characterized by its ability to restore the morphological function of teeth, strong bending resistance, vivid color and appearance, smooth surface, strong wear resistance, no deformation and stable color. A successful porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration should be a permanent restoration with realistic shape, stable color and acid and alkali resistance. It is also an ideal prosthesis with more choices. It is mainly used for the restoration of missing teeth. In the future, we will know more clearly the whole process of making porcelain crowns, so we will record and analyze the whole process of making porcelain crowns. Focus on recording the operation process of wax sample part and car porcelain part, and emphasize the precautions of operation skills.
(3) Process recording method
Personal operation summary.
(four) the content of the process record
Pre-production preparation
Production Process (Gypsum Department-Wax Sample Department-Che Jin Department-Upper Porcelain Department-Upper Porcelain Department-Polishing Department-Quality Inspection Department-Packaging Department)
Production completion and problem discovery
(V) Summary and research of the production process
Second, the production process records
(1) gypsum department
(2) Waxy part
1) before checking.
1, check whether the accessories are complete, whether the tooth position and serial number are correct, what kind of metal is used, whether the tooth mold is damaged, and replace it.
Whether the edge is intact.
2. Whether porcelain teeth should be made according to the requirements of paper depends on whether the occlusal gap is above 0.5 mm ..
3. Check whether there is a button on the generation type. When the button on the contemporary type is not big, it can be painted with Kang Ze paint. For example, the withholding is relatively large or adjacent teeth.
If there is a button, it will return to the superior department.
(2) Design (wax-impregnated scallop tooth-shaped wax edge)
1, waxed shell
1) imagine the finished shape of porcelain teeth and draw lines (tooth width, tooth height,
Curvature, central axis, etc. ) as a reference, see where you want to reach.
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2) Rub a proper amount of separated water.
3) To start soaking the wax shell, we must first determine the temperature of the wax machine and put the part above the edge of the mold (obliquely).
In wax water, fast forward and slow out (3 seconds).
4) After cutting the wax at the trimming 1mm, remove the redundant part and collect and recycle it.
5) For the first edge wax, first edge the mold with a wax knife, and then smooth it to the edge with red edge wax.
Edge.
6) Carefully pull off the replaced wax shell to see if there are bubbles and linear traces in the shell. If it cannot be modified, it needs to be reinstalled.
A newly waxed shell.
7) Measure the thickness of wax shell with a wax caliper, with gold: 0.5mm, W-280, 4all: 0.4mm and titanium: 0.6 ~ 0.7mm.. ..
8) Apply a proper amount of separation water, put the detected wax shell back on the mold, put the wax shell on the mold again and stick it with the mold.
Close.
9) Prepare to add tooth shape after confirming that there is no problem with the wax shell.
Precautions:
1) Check whether the temperature of the wax melting machine is normal.
2) Whether there is a gypsum casting button (big top and small bottom).
3) The separated water should not be wiped too much or too dry. After drying the separated water, gently blow off the excess separated water with your mouth.
4) Put the waxed shell in quickly, but take it out slowly (***3 seconds) to avoid uneven thickness.
5) Be careful when pulling out the wax shell, and don't use too much force, otherwise the wax shell will be easily crushed.
6) Check the wax shell for bubbles, marks and uniform thickness.
7) After the test, the wax shell on the worn mold should be attached to the mold.
Quality standard:
1) The thickness of the shell conforms to the category of metal.
2) There are no bubbles and traces in the wax shell, and the shell should not be too tight or too loose.
3) The edge should not be too long with wax (to ensure that the braces can be pulled out in the future)
2. Add tooth profile:
1) Preconditions: incisor end 1.5mm, labial surface 1.5mm, mesial and distal end1.0 mm. Back bite 1.5mm,
Proximal/distal 1.0mm buccal/lingual surface 1.5mm, metal bracket of posterior teeth 0.6mm, and Lan Yan mud wax was added to the tooth shape where wax was needed according to the tooth position and pre-positioning standard.
2) Toothing step:
① Increase the ridge near the far edge and measure it with a gasket.
② Increase the cusp height of buccal and lingual surfaces according to the occlusal preparation gap. -
③ According to the predetermined distance between buccal and lingual surfaces, add the axial ridge of buccal and lingual surfaces.
(4) according to the occlusion preset space.
The triangular ridge of the face, smooth it with a knife.
⑤ According to the predetermined distance, make metal brackets (front teeth are not made). The metal support of the posterior teeth is 0.6 mm, measured with steel wire after completion. The edges and corners of the metal support should not be sharp, slightly round and blunt, with explosion-proof porcelain.
⑥ Finally, check the finished tooth shape again, and prepare the wax edge after confirmation.
Precautions:
1) Pay attention to the pre-standard and measure with gasket.
2) Metal supports shall be free from sharp corners and porcelain explosion.
Quality standard:
1) tooth profile design meets the requirements of papermaking.
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2) The tooth profile meets the pre-set standard (if conditions permit).
3, wax edge operation steps:
1) Check paper requirements and edge design.
2) See if the edge of the generation type is intact.
3) Pull out the brace and check whether the internal protrusion is smooth.
4) Rub a proper amount of separated water, and gently draw the edge line with a blue pencil. Don't be too thick (pay attention to drawing lines), tongue surface.
The edge should be marked with the center line below the edge.
5) Put back the braces and gently press and paste them (the braces need to be pasted before the next operation).
6) Stick the wax on the edge with an electric wax knife and press it while waxing. (Note: Do not press after waxing completely). The area of the edge of the wax paste should reach the boundary between red wax and yellow wax.
7) Waxing:
All-wrapped porcelain: wax the right side of the line, not too much wax, be sure to wrap the edge line, and then wax the upper surface of the edge smoothly.
Lingual metal edge:
① Drop a drop of 1mm wax at the near and far mark.
(2) (Pay attention to the expansion degree of the distance) Add it between two points online (mark of the center line of the distance)
1mm wax edge (surface waxing, from near middle to tongue surface and then to far middle), waxing should be smooth. Attention when waxing:
A, don't cover the edge line, only add 1MM wax parallel to the edge line, if it is covered, it will be invisible.
Thread, when waxing, the size of the tongue edge will be different.
B, wax, only on the surface of braces, don't contact deeply, smooth the tongue surface. After adding wax, gently draw a dividing line with an electric wax knife.
C, when adding wax, you can wear it on the mold to observe the swelling degree of the tongue surface. Don't add too much wax.
(3) After adding it, put it back on the plaster mold and check the swelling degree of the lingual side, including the proximal end and the distal end. The lingual surface of lingual edge should refer to the lingual surface of adjacent teeth.
(4) Add wax along the edge line and add it to the line. The added wax will cover the edge line, neither too thick nor too thin.
8) Wax scraping:
① Clear the boundary between tongue surface and edge, including the near-far boundary. Then scrape the wax along the edge of the cheek. When scraping wax, the knife leans inward to scrape evenly with less force.
(2) The width of one side is slightly flat with the other side of the knife. Caution: Do not scrape with a sharp knife tip.
9) Inspection: After scraping the wax on the edge, scrape the wax on the edge under a magnifying glass and check it well.
10) Make final tooth profile inspection according to papermaking requirements.
Precautions:
1) Don't draw the edge line too thick.
2) When adding wax, don't add too much wax, and don't cover too many lines, which will make the width of the tongue edge difficult to control and waste time.
3) The convexity of the lingual side should be designed according to the adjacent teeth, not too convex.
4) The wax edge must be inspected under a magnifying glass, and it cannot be long or short.
5) The edges must be tightly attached, otherwise the braces will loosen and shake.
6) The edge part shall be free of burrs.
Quality standard:
1) Design the edge according to the requirements of papermaking. The edge should be neither long nor short, and it should be pasted.
2) When the doctor has the default requirements, design according to the requirements.
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3) Foot thickness requirements: 0.4mm for gold, 0.4mm for common metal and 0.5mm for titanium.
4) The design of the metal edge should not be too convex, and it should be coordinated with the adjacent teeth.
Leave the ring
1) Prepare tools such as ring bottoms, metal cards and stickers.
2) Design the waterline, put the selected waterline on the braces (try to put it on the non-functional tip and don't bite high) and carefully remove the braces. Check the invagination after tooth extraction, put back the braces and see if the feet leave. Arrange the wax teeth on the golden ball in a certain order. Place the waterway on one side of the circle center, then arrange the teeth at a 45-degree angle below the waterline and stick them on the waterway. Weigh on the electronic scale and convert it into metal weight. Mark the place 5mm above the highest braces with wax, and pour the powder only to the marked place. The inner wall of the ring at the bottom of the ring is coated with vaseline, which is convenient for taking out the mold after the ring is inverted. Write down the casting record card and sticker, check it and hand it over to the colleague who reversed the ring.
Flip ring
1) Prepare measuring cup, powder casting water, powder casting, distilled water, stirring knife, stirring cup and guide wire.
2) Check the metal, number of teeth, time and what kind of powder to use.
3) Spray wax water evenly.
4) Blow dry cleaning wax water with an air gun.
5) According to the requirements on the sticker (fast or normal), mix the powder casting water in a corresponding proportion.
6) Pour water first, then powder, and stir manually15s. Vacuumizing and stirring for 65438 0 minutes. Start pouring powder and guide the powder flow.
Enter the inner dragon. Fill the cast powder slowly and cover the braces slowly until the spots appear. After pouring, put it into a pressure tank and adjust the time to 6 minutes. It's time to take the ring out of the press, pull out the ring ring at the bottom of the ring, and then 24 minutes later, grind off the casting powder on the top of the ring with the car model machine and send it to the casting room.
(3) Che Jin Department
1) metal treatment: grinding and cutting the runner.
2) Try on, fit the teeth, trim the metal surface and turn the teeth.
3) Sandblasting and delivery
(4) the upper porcelain part
I. Metal treatment
Sand blasting-steam cleaning-vibration cleaning-exhaust pre-oxidation
Second, OP group
After stirring evenly with a knife, apply a layer of shading porcelain on the metal surface with a small brush. Do not apply too much or too thick, otherwise bubbles will be generated between the metal and the colored porcelain. The second layer of porcelain
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In order to completely cover the color of metal, the thickness of this layer of porcelain should be moderate. If it is too thin, it will expose the dark color of the metal. If it is too thick, it will lead to yellow color or cracks and bubbles, which will affect the required color.
Third, the upper porcelain group
1) When applying dentin porcelain, the porcelain powder on the glass plate must be distinguished and colored to avoid confusion. Put the porcelain powder first
Mix it with water to make a paste. Don't grind it too hard, or it will affect the color or blister. When tooth shapes are piled up, they should be piled up according to the characteristics of each tooth. Every piece of accumulated porcelain must be inspected and modified by the master before enamel porcelain and transparent porcelain can be piled up.
2) The shorter the stacking time, the more natural the color will be. Repeated filming of porcelain powder for a long time will make you feel uncomfortable.
Affect the natural permeability of color. The dental pile is larger, about 18%~25%. The thickness of porcelain layer on occlusal surface is about 1.8 ~ 2.5 mm, and the thickness of axial surface is about 1.0 ~ 1.2 mm, so as to prepare for shrinkage after sintering. Make sintering procedure according to work instruction. The master will check whether the color and tooth shape of all the sintered teeth are standard and correct, and whether there is excessive abutment, exposed edge metal, blistering and fracture. If it does not meet the requirements, add porcelain again until it meets the requirements on the work order. Finally, check whether the accessories are complete, and then send them to the car porcelain department after signing.
(5) Automobile Porcelain Department
I. Understanding of equipment and tools
(1) grinding sliding nozzle
(2) Pneumatic nozzle
(3) Understand the common needle rotation.
1, sandstone rotary needle
S 1: used for vehicle occlusion when teeth are embedded, and various inclined surfaces when teeth rotate.
S2: When used for dental bridge, the waist is upward.
S3: Rough surface, used for car size and radian.
S4: smaller than S3, used for grinding tooth surface.
2, emery needle
D6 is used for grinding tooth surfaces, dents and grooves.
D7 is used for automobile tooth line.
D9 is used for trimming and porcelain table.
3. Tungsten steel rotary needle
These three pins are all used for automobile sockets and ditches, among which T6 is used for pneumatic automobile ports.
4. Transportation expenses
C3 is used to repair metal edges.
C4 is used for automobile grooves and tips.
P7 is used to smooth edges and polish tooth surfaces.
(4) Other tools
Keywords caliper, pencil, absorbent cotton, occlusal paper,
(five) the provisions of various speeds
The radius should be 1- 1.5mm, and the rotating speed should be below 15 (e.g. thick fare, white rubber tires, etc.). ).
The radius is 0.6- 1.0mm, and the rotating speed should be between 15-30 (e.g. S 1, S2, etc.). ).
The radius is below 0.6mm, and the rotating speed should be between 30 and 40 (such as S3, S4, D6, D7, etc.). ).
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(6) Two grip methods of automobile mouth
1, pen type
2. Fist-holding style
(7) Safety matters
1. Wear glasses and a mask at work.
2. Keep in the illumination range of the desk lamp when working.
3, the use of different needles must adjust the corresponding speed.
4, the car mouth can't always be in working condition during use. Stop the foot switch immediately when not grinding.
Second, cogging
(A) the definition of embedded teeth
After the previous procedure is completed, the denture is polished by lathe according to the operation procedure.
Excess porcelain (glue, metal) in the area and surface enables it to wear on the working model.
(B) the importance of embedded teeth
Embedding is the first process of automobile porcelain, which will play an important role in the operation of the whole automobile porcelain department.
(3) Explain the standard of contact zone
1, definition: The area where two teeth touch each other on adjacent surfaces is called the contact area.
1) incisor contact area: generally located at the junction of middle 1/3 and incisor 1/3, with an area of about 1X and a length of 4, on the lingual side.
2) The contact point between the canine and premolar is located on the lingual side of the canine, which is a little far from the distal central incisor angle. Be in the first place
Molars near the junction of mesiobuccal 1/3 and mesiobuccal 1/3.
3) The contact area of posterior teeth is at the junction of 1/3 and middle 1/3. The area is about 2X3mm.
(4) the purpose of biting paper
1. Use: Bite paper is a special test paper used to test the contact position standard.
2, bite paper can be divided into:
1) Single-sided paper biting: mainly used for embedding the second mold.
2) Biting paper: mainly used to test the contact with the opposite teeth.
3) Embedded contact paper: it is mainly used to embed the contacts of the working die.
(5) Check before doing it
1, serial number, point accessories.
2, check whether there is any damage and wear type on the edge of the dental mold, and whether the dental mold is consistent with the gypsum bottom.
3. Check whether the teeth are consistent with the generation.
4. Brush the barcode
(6) embedding step
1, contact information
1) Check whether the inner protuberance of porcelain teeth is clean.
2) Remove the plaster cast, put the teeth on the plaster cast, and check whether the edges are appropriate.
3) Put the replacement back on the mold and remove an adjacent tooth.
4) Use a piece of contact red bite paper and put it between the substitute and the adjacent tooth.
5) Put the tooth back on the mold and gently press it. The reflected red mark indicates the height of the top, and then drive away.
6) Repeat the above steps until the teeth are completely worn.
7) Contact the other side of the vehicle (the method is the same as step 4. 5.6) Until the other party reaches the same standard.
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8) Put the adjacent teeth on the mold at the same time to try on the braces. If there is a top height, remove the adjacent teeth on one side and check them separately.
Until the bracket is completely installed on the replacement.
2. Bite
1) Take off the braces and stick all adjacent teeth and tooth types on the dental model.
2) Close the dental model and observe the occlusion in this state.
3) After wearing braces, the occlusal condition of the dental model is different from that of the edentulous model.
4) Test the occlusal high point with occlusal paper
5) If the blue mark is the top height, use the car S 1 to walk, and repeat this step until the occlusion before and after wearing the teeth is consistent.
(7) check
Pre-shipment inspection:
1, the braces can be easily replaced in the replacement, and the contact area of the contact is not less than 6mm.
2. The edge of the bracket is consistent with the edge of the replacement.
3. The occlusion before and after wearing teeth is consistent.
Third, car teeth.
(Take metal porcelain as an example)
(a) Conduct pre-shipment inspection:
1, serial number, point accessories.
2, check whether there is any damage and wear type on the edge of the dental mold, and whether the dental mold is consistent with the gypsum bottom.
3. Check whether the teeth are consistent with the generation.
4. Check whether the previous procedure is done well.
(2) Tooth turning step
1, draw a radian line
1) Observe the specific position of the model and estimate the approximate position of the original tooth.
2) Check the thickness of each surface with calipers.
3) Draw cheek radian line, tongue radian line and outline high point line with pencil.
2. Car size
1) S3 will be used to remove excess porcelain carts other than lines drawn on cheeks and tongue.
2) Turn the porcelain with thick edges to 90% paste with S3.
3) Draw the size of buccal tongue surface according to the adjacent teeth with a pencil, and mark the position of the car.
4) S3 is used to drive away the excess porcelain outside the buccal tongue line.
five
face
6) Look at the color with water and check for bubbles and black and white spots.
3. Spike size distribution
1) Mark the buccolingual sulcus with a pencil according to the standard.
2) Use C4 fare to allocate the size of the cusp to the good car at the drawn groove.
Note: When using C4 fare, the rotation speed cannot exceed15 (15 *1000 rpm).
4. Making the inclined plane of crown
1) Draw the inclined plane of buccal and lingual surface with a pencil.
2) Turn the bevel of each axial surface of the tooth with S 1.
3 and cusp length
4) Use S 1 inclined plane to press the adjacent teeth and shorten the cusp.
5 At the same time, adjust the occlusion standard.
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6) Mark the waist position with a pencil.
7) use S 1 car to recover the lumbar fossa.
five
manufacture
1) Draw the approximate shape distribution of pits and ditches with a pencil.
2) Use T2 car to get out of the main nest and main ditch, and then get out of the auxiliary ditch.
3) Use T6 to deepen and thin the initial part of the main pit, groove and auxiliary groove.
4) Using D6/D7/S4, it is clearer to press the tail of the ditch out of a "small sector" with the edge line.
Note: Water absorption and heat dissipation should be carried out in the pit ditch to prevent explosion-proof porcelain.
6, edge production
1) porcelain-turned edge: smooth the porcelain-turned edge of 0. 1 mm with D9.
2) Metal edge of tongue surface: First, cut off the thick metal with C3.
3) Smooth the metal car with S4.
7. Make tooth lines on each axial surface.
1) Use S4 to smoothly trim the shaft surface.
2) Use D7 to coordinate the horizontal and vertical stripes of each surface with the adjacent teeth.
3) Check the occlusion with a gasket.
8. Embedding the second mold
1) test on the master mold, measure the jacking position, and then gently remove the jacking porcelain lathe with D6 or D9 until.
The crown can be worn completely without resistance.
2) Gently put the teeth into the second mold. If it can't be put on, measure the top height position on the second mold with a single-sided bite paper and turn it gently.
Go and repeat this step until the crown can be completely put in.
9, check
1) Check whether it meets the papermaking requirements again.
2) check the basic problems (contact, edge, bite)
Third, the inspection standard:
1, as to whether it meets the paper requirements.
2, check the contact, edge, bite is standard.
3. Check whether the radian and tooth type are in harmony with the adjacent teeth.
4. Check the attachment again
(6) Glass window
A layer of bright porcelain was sintered on the surface of porcelain teeth, which was personalized and simulated according to the special requirements of doctors (figure 1).
(7) Polishing and grinding
Polishing porcelain teeth and metal teeth. After completion, it will be transported to the technical monitoring department for inspection and then sent to the doctor. (Figure 2) (Figure 3)
Third, the production process analysis and summary
(1) It is very important to complete all the steps of a porcelain tooth. As the main body of the domestic dental market, porcelain teeth are more and more recognized by people, so the requirements are getting stricter and stricter, and patients will be more and more satisfied in the future.
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Higher requirements must strengthen the development of technology. And the details determine success or failure, so every operation must bear the responsibility.
(2) I am familiar with the post of car porcelain. The demand for tooth shape simulation is getting higher and higher. After meeting the functional requirements, we should pay attention to aesthetic requirements such as symmetry, radian, length and permeability. Therefore, it is necessary to learn more advanced tooth profile technology. The porcelain teeth made by many domestic processing plants often fail to meet the requirements of simulation, so it is necessary to pay more attention to and master the tooth shape in China.
(3) People's demand has promoted the development of porcelain teeth to a certain extent, so all-ceramic teeth and CAD-CAM technology have also begun to rise. The future market will not only satisfy patients' oral treatment, but also expand to the field of beauty. As a member of prosthodontics, we should strengthen technical research and strive to make prosthodontics develop better and better to better meet people's growing needs!
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refer to
1 Chen Zhiqing. Oral materials science, first edition 1. People's Publishing House 1995:85.
2 Christensen GJ. Why an all-ceramic crown? JADA。 1997; 10( 128): 1453
3 Little Kelly, Nishimura, Kambu Bay. Dental ceramics: historical roots and current prospects. ? J repair dents1996; 75( 1): 18
4 Shao Yongxin, from Jiangmen. Modern ceramic prosthesis. Science Press 1998:6
5 Zhao, Lu Zhiyue,. Study on wear resistance of wear-resistant materials. Flat casting ceramic colorant. Huaxi Journal of Stomatology,1994.8; 12(3) :224
6Amp Miller, Jack Long, Barbara Miller, etc. Comparison of fracture strength between porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns and several all-ceramic crowns. ? J repair dents1992; 68( 1):38
7Ferro KJ，Muers ML，Graser GN。 Fracture strength of full profile porcelain crown and porcelain veneer crown. J repair dents1994; 7 1(5):462
Gray, New Jersey, Piddock v. Wilson, Massachusetts. Comparison of traditional crown and new all-ceramic system in vitro. J dent1993; 2 1( 1):47
90,000 generals, Youlun, Du, etc. Clinical application of In-ceram all-ceramic restoration system. Stomatology,1997; 17(2):77
Wang Dalin 10. Study on improving the strength of dental ceramics. Foreign Journal of Stomatology,1995; 22(5):276