1947 ——1949 The giant dome of Turin Exhibition Hall in Italy was designed by Italian structural engineer Nervi and architect Bartoli, and was built by imitating the vein texture. The vault composed of concrete skeleton and glass grid is 93.6 meters wide. The 75m-long small sports palace for the Rome Olympic Games, built by Nelvi and A.Vitelozzi in 1957, has a semicircular curved roof with a diameter of 60m, and its interior adopts a reinforced concrete grid structure system. Inspired by sunflower, it not only has economical materials and reasonable stress, but also creates a novel effect of interior decoration. The external inspiration of the small sports palace comes from the stress analysis of human leg bones, creating an elegant support system, which makes the combination of spatial structure and architectural art form perfect. 1960, the Grand Sports Palace of the Rome Olympic Games was built in Nervi, with a semicircular arc roof with a diameter of 98.4m, which can accommodate 16000 spectators. The upper concrete arc roof is supported by radial arch ribs, and the roof thickness is only 6cm. The same part looks like a flower and a dense vein network, which successfully combines modern technology with functional and decorative arts. Compared with the Pantheon built in 120- 124, the semi-circular curved roof has a diameter of 43.2m and a concrete thickness of 1.2m, which fully shows the great progress made by the bionic principle in the application of building technology. Nervi is not only a famous structural engineer, but also an outstanding architect. His creativity largely stems from learning from nature.
Buckminster fuller, an American structural engineer, is another creative figure. Inspired by the prismatic structure of crystals and honeycombs in nature, he created a series of amazing works with large spatial structure. 1958, he built a huge bent roof of United Tank Company in baton rouge, USA, with a diameter of 1 15.2 meters, which was built by applying the principle of crystal structure. 1967 The American Pavilion of the Montreal International Expo in Canada was jointly built by Fuller and Sadow. It is a spherical building and attracted great attention at the exhibition at that time. He probably simulated the reticular skeleton of a deep-sea fish and the tissue structure of a radiolarian, and created a short-term curved hole with a three-dimensional grid, with a height of 60m and a diameter of 76.2m The curved hole is covered with plastic, which can be opened and closed, illuminated by night light and transparent all over, just like a planet landing.
New york TWA Terminal is not only a famous work with bionic appearance, but also an Ero. Saarinen is still with William. WilliamGardner built a four-petal composite thin shell with a gap in the middle for lighting, and the four-petal thin shell was supported by the Y-shaped column below, which is very similar to the splicing of human skulls. The application of this structural texture in the terminal building not only solves the difficulty of free-form curve modeling, but also realizes the organic integration of structure and form, which deserves architects' attention. There is no need to sacrifice the rationality of the structure for a certain shape of the building. On the contrary, organic structures and novel forms can be mutually * * *.
The German Pavilion, built by German structural engineer Frei Otto at the Montreal International Expo in 1967, looks like a group of tent-like buildings. It is a spider web support system with a net cable structure, and the surface is covered with a plastic surface. It has a special shape and can be used as a temporary building for loading and unloading. 1972 The stadium and gymnasium of Munich Olympic Games also adopted this structure. Because he is good at using this type of structure, some people call him "Spider-Man". This cobweb-like net cable structure later developed into a canvas tension structure system, which is closer to the form of a tent. In fact, there are many examples of architects applying bionics to structures. Corbusier's extensive use of chicken leg columns and frames in his early years was undoubtedly inspired by the support of animal leg bones. The Savoye Villa he built in 193 1 in poissy near Paris is the embodiment of this structural system, and it is still praised by people today.
Wright is a famous architect. He majored in structure in his early years, so he can use it freely in the integration of architectural modeling and structural system. 1950, he designed and built Helio laboratory and research tower. ), which is a tree structure. The main supporting structure is placed in the center of the building, and the surrounding floors are suspended, forming a curtain wall on the outside, which has achieved novel results. Applying the same principle, Wright boldly conceived a skyscraper with a height of 1 mile in 1956.
In structural bionics, the most commendable is the rising star, the young Spanish architect Santiago. Calatrava (SantiagoCalatrava). 195 1 was born in Valencia, Spain. He graduated from the Department of Architecture of the local school of architecture and studied structural engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Zurich, Switzerland. After graduation, he received his Ph.D. in Technical Science from the Department of Architecture of this school at 198 1. His doctoral thesis is entitled "Foldability of Structure". After graduation, I stayed in Switzerland to start a business and continued to devote myself to the practice of folding structure and bionic structure. He observed the active support of the dog's bones and legs and made many gratifying achievements. The canopy in front of the post office in Lucerne, Switzerland, which he built in 1983, was the earliest practice of using movable joints. 1986 ——1987 in the reconstruction of a medieval ancient building in Basel, he made the ceiling steel beam frame of the coffee shop into a free curve imitating the animal skeleton, which not only has novel decorative effect, but also conforms to the mechanical characteristics. This is a bold attempt. After that, he built the BCE Cultural Plaza in Toronto, Canada on 1987, creatively imitated the growth texture of bifurcated trunks, and designed the arc ribs and top grids of the columns on both sides, which achieved extraordinary artistic effects. 1991-1992 He designed an exhibition hall for Kuwait in Seville, Spain. The roof can be opened and closed freely to simulate the free movement of animal joints. At night, the rib on the roof is open, and the platform below can carry out various outdoor activities, which not only organically combines structure and function, but also gives people unlimited imagination. 1989 to 1993, when he designed and built a railway station near Lyon trust airport in France, he made full use of the structural principle of animal bones, gave full play to the characteristics of saving materials and improving efficiency, and was novel and eye-catching. In addition, he also designed and built the most iconic telecom tower for the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, which is also a novel idea by absorbing the form of free balance of plant stems.