How was the Han nationality formed? It evolved from Huaxia nationality. With the passage of time, Huaxia nationality gradually merged with Xia nationality, and there were also factors such as war and migration.
Details are as follows:
Chinese nationality
1. Chinese nationality is a noun corresponding to Xia nationality. The word Xia nationality disappeared at the end of the Warring States period. It is a noun that divides two tribes in ancient mythology.
Later, after hundreds of years, the Huaxia nation and the Xia nation gradually merged, and the integration of the two major tribal alliances marked the embryonic form of a new Chinese nation. As the predecessor and subject of the Han nationality, Huaxia nationality has opened a new chapter in history.
Magnificent
"Hua" comes from Mencius Dongyiren and Yu Yao Chonghua. Its original meaning is the pupil in the eye, and Zhong Hua means two pupils. At first, it refers to the worship of Dongyi people under Shun Di. In a narrow sense, China people refer to Dongyi people, and in a broad sense, to the east of the Central Plains, which is dominated by Dongyi people and maintains tribal intermarriage and marriage with Dongyi people. Most of these tribal alliances take dragons, phoenixes, snakes and birds as totems. Originally widely distributed in the Central Plains, Shandong, Huaihe River and its surrounding areas are now part of China's ancient civilization. Its culture and consanguinity originated from Tai Hao, Shao Hao and other eastern tribes, which created the Dongyi civilization in the same strain and gave birth to a series of ancient sages, most of whom ranked among the three emperors and five emperors.
China people are mostly farming tribes, and have created advanced copper smelting technology and bow and arrow technology. China residential area is called the country of gentlemen. People live in peace and pay attention to moral etiquette. In ancient times, it was a civilized and developed tribal alliance.
In today's Shaanxi, there is another big tribal alliance, the Xia people. However, due to the great climate change, Xia people were forced to move eastward under the leadership of the Yellow Emperor and wanted to settle in the rich Central Plains. So there was a war with the people of China led by Emperor Yan. Due to the split of the Chinese people and the advanced age of Emperor Yan, the Chinese people were defeated and forced to retreat to today's Shandong area. Emperor Yan was exiled to the south and later called the God of the South.
However, the Dongyi people did not give up their efforts to compete for the Central Plains and waited for the opportunity. Finally, Chiyou, another chieftain of Dongyi tribe, took advantage of the Yellow Emperor's construction, wasted human and financial resources, incited Dongyi people in China to arise, and killed them in the name of the venerable Emperor Yan. The Yellow Emperor rushed to fight and was defeated. Later, he gradually became deadlocked, but later he was lured by the Yellow Emperor with tricks.
During this period, Xia Qi used soldiers to deal with the Dongyi people, and the merchants of Dongyi people established the Shang Dynasty. Not only did the Shang and Zhou Dynasties launch a "mother-killing war" against Dongyi people, but also Zhou people joined forces with Xia people, Chu people, Miao people, Man Zhen and other neighboring ethnic groups to invade Chao Ge and destroy the business. When the Zhou Dynasty was established, Zhou people called themselves "Hua" and implemented the enfeoffment system, which enfeoffed Lu and Hou. Established a stable Zhou Dynasty. By the end of the Warring States period, the integration of the Huaxia nation and the Xia nation had been completed, and a new Huaxia nation was formally formed. Later, based on the Huaxia nationality, the surrounding tribes were integrated to form the last Han nationality.
Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of Han nationality.
From about 5000 BC, the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, with the leader of Huangdi and the leader of a tribe named Jiang in the south. The two sides often clashed. The battle of Hanquan finally broke out between the two tribes. The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, and then.
According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the Han nationality lived in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The ancestors of the Han nationality generally lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, starting from Longshan in the west and Taishan in the east. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, which are generally considered as the cultural remains of Han ancestors.
Ancient legends also describe that Han ancestors experienced a long era of primitive commune system. Before the Yellow Emperor, there was a matriarchal clan tribe that "Anemarrhena denied his father" (see matriarchal clan system); The legend about the Yellow Emperor marks the change from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe (see paternal clan system) and enters the stage of tribal alliance. Legend has it that Yao, Shun and Yu, who successively served as the leaders of the big tribal alliance after the Yellow Emperor, are considered to be descendants of the Yellow Emperor.
In 2 1 century BC, the primitive commune system in the Central Plains came to the end of history, and a class society appeared on the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. After the 20th century BC, Xia (about 2 1 century BC ~ 65438+6th century BC), Shang (about 65438+6th century BC ~1century BC) and Western Zhou (about 165438+ 65438 BC) Then it developed to the vast areas of Huaihe River, Surabaya, Yangtze River and Hanshui River. There were clan names in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which were called Huaxia, Xia or Huaxia, to distinguish them from barbarians, Yi, Rong and Di. But at this time, the distinction between China and foreigners is not very strict.
During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 ~ 476 BC), China people's concept of nobility and inferiority was already very strong. At that time, the standards, race and culture that distinguished China from barbarians were highly valued, and culture was especially the primary factor. Due to etiquette, customs, clothing and other factors, China people and foreigners can often switch places with each other. Qin and Chu are not only as famous as Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. The seven chivalrous men joined forces with Lian Heng to fight together, but the ethnic groups were the same, forming the trend of summer reunification; So Huaxia has become a stable ethnic group, and its distribution area has reached the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in Northeast China, Taohe River Basin in Northwest China, Bashu and central Guizhou in Southwest China, Hunan and wuyue in Southeast China.
Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, followed by the Han Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the Han population entered Central Asia and Yunnan. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality in the south had surpassed that in the north, and Manchu prohibited the Han nationality from going out to the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, Han people were allowed to enter the northeast of China. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Shandong Han people were introduced. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.
Japanese Chinese
2. China people were Japanese aristocrats from Meiji Restoration to the end of World War II.
The emergence of "China people" began in June of 1869, and the China decree formally establishing the "China system" was enacted on July 7, 884. 1On May 3, 947, with the entry into force of the postwar Japanese Constitution, "Chinese" was officially abolished.
general situation
1869, after the title of Japanese local governor was returned, the original titles such as "public official" and "big shot" were cancelled, and they were collectively called China people. 187 1 year, Japan abolished the old identity system and divided its citizens into four categories: royal, Chinese, gentry and civilians. China people have become an aristocratic class second only to the royal family, enjoying many political and economic privileges.
/kloc-in 0/884, the China Order was issued, which divided China people into five grades: duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron. Among them, the old butler awarded the title of viscount or above according to his family background. According to the height (salary) of Stone and his performance in Chen Wu War, the old noble family was awarded the title of Baron or above.
According to China's order, the dukes awarded include the old five photographers (I, II, IX, Guards and Eagle Division), the Tokugawa family, the former shogunate general, as well as the eleven Sanjiang Shinzo, Iwakura Tomomi, Maori Yuan De (Changzhou Fan), Shimadzu Tadashi (Samo Fan) and Shimadzu Jiuguang (Samo Fan) who made great contributions to the Meiji Restoration. Later, the reform heroes who compiled The History of Great Japan, Ito Bowen, ōyama Iwao, Yamagata Aritomo, Dedaiji Gong Hong, Saionji Kinmochi, Keitaro, Matsuzaka Masayoshi and Tokugawa Guoshun, were promoted from Marquis and Earl to Duke, with a total of 19. After the merger of Japan and South Korea, Li Yong, the righteous prince, and South Korean princes such as Li Jian and Li Shu were also made dukes. After Japan surrendered, the duke's title was no longer inherited by his son after his death. When China's nationality was abolished in 1947, there were still seven dukes, namely Tadashi Shimadzu, Hirofumi Ito, Nobusuke Hideyoshi, Shigatse Temple, Hiroshi Iwakura, Nijo Beechi and Taro Kwai.
Marquis awarded by the Knights of China include the Tsinghua family (three of them were awarded dukes, the Dedaiji family and the Nishihara Temple family were later promoted to dukes), the Yu Lin family, the families of Hiroshima, Okayama and Tottori who supported loyal officials in the Chen Wu War, the Tokugawa royal family, the former king of Ryukyu, the reform heroes Saigō Takamori and Saigou Jyuudou, and the Komatsu family, the Huading family and the Yamagata family who were demoted to official positions by illegitimate children of the royal family. After the merger of Japan and South Korea, four members of the Li Dynasty royal family and three other North Korean traitors were also named Marquis.
(The article comes from Value China Network)
It is very meaningful to let Manchu enter the customs to establish the Qing Dynasty, Manchu rule and finally the integration of Manchu and Chinese cultures. I recommend an article for you: On the Conflict and Integration of Manchu and Chinese Cultures.
Website:/artis/2007114/25868.asp.