The grounded university life is coming to an end, and everyone has begun to make the final graduation project. Generally, before graduation design, they will be asked to write the opening report first. How to write the opening report? The following is the opening report of my graduation thesis on community management and service. Welcome everyone to refer to it, I hope it will help you.

Community is an interconnected life group formed by several social groups or social organizations gathered in a certain field, which has certain geographical characteristics; There are a certain number of people; Residents have the same consciousness and interests; Have close social contacts.

First of all, it summarizes the development status and trend of this topic at home and abroad, and explains the basis and significance of the topic selection.

(A) the status quo and trends of foreign development

The international community's concern for the community began with the neighborhood movement that swept across Europe and North America at the end of 19. Barnard of England established the world's first community service center in London. German sociologist F. Toennies first used the concept of "community" from the perspective of sociology. In 188 1, he first used the German word gemeinschaft (generally translated as * * * isomorphism, group, collective, community, etc. ) For sociology. The meaning of community has changed a lot since Tonnis put it forward. Although community research originated in western Europe, it has been greatly developed in the United States. There are two kinds of research on community theory: one is the static research on the community itself, and the other is the dynamic research on the process and result of community development and construction. Among them, the more influential theories are: community humanistic location theory, community power theory, community social relations theory, community change theory and community action theory.

At present, foreign community development models have many characteristics, but the participants in community construction are basically the same, mainly the government, community autonomous organizations, community non-profit organizations, community enterprises and community residents. There are many forms of rights and obligations distribution and relationship among the subjects of community construction, which are manifested in three modes: autonomy, government-led and cooperation. Among the many urban community management models abroad, the most prominent ones are: community autonomy model represented by the United States, government-led model represented by Singapore and mixed model represented by Japan.

Macroscopically, community management in foreign cities will present three major trends: first, community management is becoming increasingly global and international; Second, community management has gradually turned to sustainable development strategy; Third, community development and community construction tend to merge.

At the micro level, community management in foreign cities will also show three major trends: first, the organizational system tends to be autonomous and public; Second, community economic management tends to be market-oriented and diversified; Third, community management is becoming more and more legal and standardized.

(B) the domestic development status and trends

The research on urban community management in China started late and originated in the 1990s. At present, the problems existing in urban community construction in China mainly include:

① The benign operation mechanism of community construction needs to be established and improved;

(2) Lack of funds and imperfect community facilities;

(3) Obsolete concept and imperfect relevant legal system;

④ The function of the old community is chaotic, and the new community lacks the flavor of life;

⑤ The existing management model is difficult to meet the new requirements of community development.

Although the deep-seated problems of urban communities are still in a state of chaos, and China still lacks a guiding theory that is really close to the national conditions, some achievements have been made and urban community construction is booming. With the operation of market economy, the awareness of community management in China has been continuously enhanced. Many domestic experts and scholars began to pay attention to learning and drawing lessons from community management theories around the world, aiming at "localizing" advanced foreign community management theories and applying them to community management, especially urban community management.

Through more than ten years of practice and summary, China has formed four representative urban community governance models: one is the administrative centralized model taking Wuxingqiao Street in Luwan District of Shanghai as an example; The second is the self-government model taking He Chun community in Shenyang as an example; Third, the mixed model, taking Jianghan District community in Wuhan as an example; The fourth is the "Yantian mode" of one stop (two stops). These four innovation models have their own merits. Shanghai's administrative center of gravity model has effectively overcome the "compartmentalization" relationship, but it has not changed the situation of "a thousand lines above and a needle below", and residents' participation in the community is not enough. The Shenyang autonomous model has formed an interactive operation mechanism of "separation and mutual restriction" and straightened out the compartmentalization relationship, but the government role "offside" and "absence" coexist, and the fund supply and operation mechanism is not perfect. Jianghan mixed model reconstructs the community micro-organization system and its operating mechanism, and establishes the mechanism of community autonomy system and government administrative system, but there is still an administrative tendency, and the community public service facilities with low matching rate can not meet the growing needs of residents. Until 2005, with the emergence of "Yantian Model" in Shenzhen, the innovative achievements of urban community construction management and construction in China were further developed. This "one meeting, two stops" urban community governance model makes community neighborhood committees return to their original legal status as autonomous organizations. At the same time, it enables the government to improve its execution and reduce administrative costs. Of course, this model also has its shortcomings: the government still retains the administrative side in the community and cannot truly reflect the residents' subjective consciousness and participation consciousness.

Based on the advantages and disadvantages of the above four models, I think the urban community management model in China can not reflect autonomy. The future trend of urban community management in China: the urban community management system in China will continue to innovate, and the new pattern of urban community management will be more perfect. As Wu Xinye (2008) said, "the organization of community development is becoming more and more autonomous and public", "the management of community development is becoming more and more market-oriented and diversified" and "the means of community development is becoming more and more legal and standardized". Urban communities built around the standards of harmonious society will inevitably present many new forms, such as service-oriented urban communities, autonomous urban communities, learning-oriented urban communities, digital learning-oriented urban communities and ecological urban communities.

(c) Basis and significance of the topic

First, judging from the current development of urban communities in China, the practice of urban communities in China is far ahead of the theory, so it is a theoretical task to integrate research methods and form a new theoretical method system with stronger explanatory power and comprehensive ability. Yang Tuan (2002) once concluded that "the development of urban community management in China lacks innovation and autonomy, and the research in this area can theoretically further improve the research level of autonomy of urban community management in China, so that the research on the next level can provide a theoretical basis for the innovation of urban community management mode in the future".

Second, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the social development goal of building a harmonious society, and the community is the basic unit of society. Wang Yongping (2008) pointed out that "community construction is the basic project of social construction in China", "community construction is an important carrier of grass-roots democracy construction in China", "community construction is a broad stage for cultural construction in China" and "community construction is the micro-embodiment of economic construction in China". This paper studies urban community management from the perspective of community, which is helpful to respond to the call of building a harmonious society and promote the construction of a harmonious society.

Thirdly, under the condition of market economy, the construction of urban communities in China is lagging behind, which is manifested in the contradiction between the growing community participation of community residents and the demand for community services and the lagging urban community management system and methods.

Fourthly, anthony giddens said that the development of globalization makes it possible and necessary to pay attention to the community. "Community" refers to a feasible way to promote the social and material recovery of streets, towns and wider local areas.

This paper studies the management mode and method of a community in Nanxing Street, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, which can not only help its own management, but also provide reference for other related communities. Of course, this study will also help to promote the construction of urban communities, reveal the root causes of existing problems in the current development of urban communities, and provide theoretical basis and countermeasures for solving such problems.

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