Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy when taking a bath; When Watt saw his grandmother boiling water, the boiling water jacked the lid and invented the steam engine. Newton was hit by an apple while playing under a tree and discovered the law of gravity.
But in fact, they are all conceived in necessity. So is the discovery of penicillin. In just 70 years, penicillin, which saved hundreds of millions of lives, originated from a sneeze in alexander fleming.
Alexander fleming was born in Rockfield near goldmark. His father died when he was a child. Mother runs for a living every day and has no extra energy and time to discipline Fleming and his brothers. Shan Ye forest is their playground, and the songs of insects and birds are the music of childhood.
Spring grows in summer, and autumn harvests in winter. Fleming saw the subtle changes in nature here and cultivated his ability to observe.
Until 13 years old, Fleming left Scotland and went to London to be with his half-brother Tom. Tom is an ophthalmologist, and he is very helpful to Fleming's later growth planning.
Fleming was studying in a technical school when he first arrived in London. After graduation, he got a job in a trading and shipping company.
Fleming's turning point in life happened at the age of 20. Fleming inherited 250 pounds from his unmarried uncle when he died. My brother Tom thinks that we should make good use of the money and suggests that he study medicine. He listened to his brother's idea and carefully prepared for the entrance exam.
In the same year, Fleming passed the 16 exam and obtained the qualification to attend St. Mary's Medical College of London University.
During his school days, he won various scholarships, which enabled him to successfully complete his studies. In a sense, Fleming's talent in medicine began to appear during this period.
From 65438 to 0906, Fleming stayed in St. Mary's Medical College after graduation and studied immunology under his teacher Thomas Light.
As an authority in academic circles, Thomas Light did not stop and interfere with Fleming's research and exploration according to his own interests, which made Fleming's research have certain autonomy.
When World War I broke out, Fleming, as a member of Wright's research group, went to the front line of the French battlefield with Wright to study the effect of vaccine on wound infection. Bactericide has been used to disinfect wounds for a long time.
However, the team's first-line research found that fungicides kill not only viruses, but also normal cells of the human body, which is likely to have a negative effect on treatment and make wound infection more serious.
After the test, they suggested that the wound should be disinfected with strong brine, and the sooner it is treated, the more effective it will be. Regrettably, this proposal did not attract attention at that time.
During World War II, strong brine disinfection was widely used, saving the lives of many soldiers. Many of Fleming's studies have been verified in the first line, so Fleming has gradually emerged in the medical field.
After returning to China, Fleming devoted himself to studying the method of killing staphylococci to help the wounded reduce the infection rate. Fleming has an experimental habit. No matter what kind of culture medium it is, it will be preserved for a long time, and then it will be observed and cleaned after no useful discovery.
Fleming sneezed before he recovered from a bad cold when he was cultivating a new kind of yellow cocci. On a whim, he took a drop of his nasal fluid and put it on the culture medium.
Two weeks later, Fleming observed that the culture medium was full of cocci colonies, but there was no snot colony, and there was a translucent glassy new colony in the distance. But further research found that this was actually caused by the melting of bacteria.
192 1 year, Fleming began to study antibiotics, and the experimental results showed that nasal mucus contained antibiotics. He believes that this antibiotic is an enzyme, which exists almost in most body fluids and secretions.
Wright suggested that this enzyme be named "lysozyme".
In the next seven years, Fleming led his research team to study the role of Bacillus subtilis in depth, but with little effect. They were disappointed to find that its bactericidal ability was not strong and it had no effect on many pathogenic bacteria, so they gave up their research.
1927, Fleming saw a research document about the latest variation of Staphylococcus aureus (the main pathogen causing cross-infection in hospitals). He became interested and decided to repeat the experiment.
He found a piece of miserable white on the edge of the culture medium, which was penicillin.
Experiments show that its secretion can kill some staphylococci which are easy to cause wound infection.
Fleming applied the crude extract of penicillin to rabbits and mice, which confirmed his conclusion. Fleming's followers used the crude extract of penicillin on some patients who were deeply harmed by infection and achieved good results.
However, Fleming found in a large number of experiments that staphylococcus would quickly develop drug resistance when it met penicillin. And when tested on guinea pigs, the mortality rate is very high. Fleming must use penicillin very carefully. There are too many impurities in the finished crude extract, which must be purified before it can be used for wound treatment.
Due to the limitation of technical conditions at that time, it was difficult for Fleming to extract high-purity penicillin, let alone apply it to clinical treatment, and finally he gave up further research on penicillin.
The discovery of penicillin did not attract the attention of the medical community. After Fleming published his paper "Bactericidal Effect of Mold Culture", he handed penicillin strains to Oxford research group, and his research focused on other aspects.
1932, when a doctor in Fleming Hospital successfully used penicillin to treat eye diseases again, he mentioned the important role of penicillin to Flory, then the leader of the Oxford team. Flory didn't take it seriously. Penicillin is too dirty.
1939, the German biochemist Ernst Boris ernst boris chain joined the Oxford team, consulted a large number of documents and experimental records, and strongly recommended penicillin to Flory, so the research on penicillin continued.
Qian En and Flory separated and purified penicillin from Penicillium strain culture, and then applied it to animals for observation, and found that the effect was very good. Through in-depth research, high-purity penicillin was extracted, and its antibacterial ability was improved by thousands of times.
The Oxford team used penicillin to treat a policeman with a serious facial infection and achieved very good treatment results. But because the dose was not enough, the police officer finally died.
The medical community finally noticed the important role of penicillin.
At that time, World War II broke out in an all-round way, which brought very heavy casualties. Ernst Boris ernst boris chain persuaded the American government to join the research and development of penicillin, which actively promoted the rapid development of penicillin production technology in a short time, became a high-end research project in the United States, second only to the nuclear industry, and was widely used in clinical experiments, saving the lives of millions of wounded and patients.
Fleming won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine together with Flory and Ernst Boris ernst boris chain of Oxford Group. However, Fleming's status as the inventor of penicillin has always been controversial.
Although he discovered penicillin, he didn't find its great value.
Without the painstaking research of Ernst Boris Chane and Flory, and the efforts made for its application and popularization, penicillin might not benefit mankind so quickly, and even be buried in the long history of medical research.
Fleming is widely reported and praised in various media reports, but his contribution to Oxford Group is often ignored. Maybe we can get some information from the thought-provoking words distributed by the Nobel Prize for three people.
Penicillin has made great contributions to the development of human medicine, saving hundreds of millions of lives in just over 70 years. Even in the future, penicillin will still play an important role in clinical medicine.
Any great invention in the world is bound to go through a long gestation period before it can be born by accident. And its growth is bound to be inseparable from the unremitting exploration of many people in the same field, in order to become a truth and be widely used.