This article is selected from Wang Anshi's Biographies of Wang Lin. Wang Anshi, a character festival, was born in Linchuan in his later years. He was once known as Jing Guogong and Wang in the world, and was buried after his death, also known as Wang Wengong. He was a famous politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. He served as prime minister twice and insisted on political reform, which is known as Wang Anshi's political reform in history. Lenin called him "1 1 the reformer of China in the century". Wang Anshi is also a famous writer. He is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. He has made unique achievements in poetry, ci and prose. He advocated that writing should be "complementary to the world" and "application-oriented". He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan and Poems of Wang.

Stylistic knowledge:

This article is an epistolary refutation. The full text mainly refutes the conservative criticism of the new law represented by Sima's suggestion, so it is a refuting paper. Wang Anshi's reasoning is profound and incisive.

Main idea:

The argument of the full text is aimed at Sima Guang's accusation that the new law "invades officials, causes troubles, levies profits, refuses to remonstrate and complains", and points out that the dispute between Confucianism lies in name and reality. Justified, the world is cold. This shows that the reform is correct. Sima Guang's attacks are untrue and absurd. This paper refutes Ma Siguang's fallacies one by one, reveals its conservative and decadent nature, and shows the author's determination to persist in reform and not be moved by gossip.

: hierarchical paragraphs. The full text is divided into four paragraphs.

The first paragraph is the opening sentence and the first natural paragraph. This paragraph mainly expounds the reason and purpose of writing this letter. Because there are differences between them, I am writing to express my position and attitude.

The second paragraph is the second natural paragraph. It is the key part of the full-text rebuttal. Based on the argument of "justified, the world is justified", the author refutes the fallacies of conservatives respectively and shows that he insists on political reform.

The third paragraph, the third natural paragraph, further clarified my position and attitude, and wanted me to stop doing these things and stick to the practices of my predecessors. This is what I dare to learn.

The fourth paragraph, the fourth natural paragraph, ends the full text and says some ceremonial pleasantries.

Now let me analyze the key points of the second paragraph.

According to the principle worthy of the name, Wang Anshi expounded the rules and regulations for formulating and implementing the reform, which were ordered by the emperor, discussed and decided by court officials and ministers, and implemented by specific officials. It is well documented step by step, and it is not an invasion of officials.

As for the cause of the trouble, the implementation of the new law has affected the interests of some big landlords and officials and caused their dissatisfaction. Sima Guang described this as disturbing the people and making trouble. Wang Anshi explained that the purpose of political reform is to promote the administration of the former king, promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages, benefit the people and strengthen the rule of the country, rather than causing trouble.

Regarding the levy of profits, Sima Guang and other conservatives criticized Wang Anshi's political reform for the benefit of the people. Wang Anshi retorted that managing money for the world is not for profit, but for managing money and benefiting the country and the people, which shows the grand strategy of politicians.

Regarding the refusal to remonstrate, Sima Guang and others think that Wang Anshi's disregard of conservative opinions is a refusal to remonstrate. Wang Anshi is righteous and taciturn, pointing out that he criticizes unhealthy tendencies, refutes malicious people, proves that he is aboveboard and insists on his due attitude towards reform.

Wang Anshi regards historical facts as the so-called feud and condescension, and analyzes that these conservatives are "accustomed to ignorance for a day, and scholars are mostly unsympathetic to state affairs and vulgar and flattering", which is their conservative and corrupt style. Wang Anshi insisted that he could not change his attitude. To put it mildly, what he said to Sima Guang was beyond someone's cognitive range.

Writing characteristics:

The first characteristic, as the first characteristic of epistolary argumentative writing, is that the behavior is concise, the structure is rigorous, and there is no branch. In addition to using a few pleasantries at the beginning and end, the full text firmly refutes several main arguments of conservatives, and only refutes the main points without involving anything else. The structure is very rigorous. When refuting, focus on its key points and be concise, making the article short and pithy.

The second feature is the diversity of argumentation methods. The way of argument in this paper is refutation, and there are various methods of refutation. The first direct rebuttal, such as managing money for the world, is not for profit. The second type lists the basis for refutation, such as "a certain person, on the orders of his master, discussed and revised the statutes in the court so as to give the agency and not invade the official." Here, I quoted a favorable basis, explaining that it was not my own innovation, but my orders from the emperor. After discussion by the court, I pointed out that this was not my personal behavior, but reasonable and legal. Third, cite historical facts to refute, cite historical facts to refute, such as "Pan Geng's move, the person sued is not a scholar of the court." Pan Geng didn't change his degree for the complainer, and then he was moved, but he didn't see it and regretted it. Here, taking the historical facts of how to deal with grievances as an example, I express that I am not moved by rumors, which not only gently refutes the accusations of many grievances, but also expresses my strong determination to reform. The whole rebuttal is clear and powerful, and concise.

The third feature is majestic, combining rigidity with softness. The full text has several characteristics, such as overwhelming the enemy's integrity. The first is based on reasons, and the reasons are sufficient. Second, be good at parallelism and refute each other with parallelism, which is unstoppable and unstoppable. Third, make good use of irony. If you want to help and resist it, what should people do instead of being aggressive? Although the full text is full of lofty sentiments, gushing, and furious, it emphasizes that the determination to persist in reform is irreversible, but the tone is quite euphemistic, soft and firm. For example, if you explain in detail why you did this, you may forgive me. In the end, you said that your criticism didn't help the emperor to do much, so I knew the crime, but if I was told to do nothing, I wouldn't dare to learn. On the one hand, it takes care of the friendship gained over the years, on the other hand, it adheres to the principle of not giving in and fully safeguards the just position of political reform.