1 Introduction

The concept of innovative country comes from the summary of relevant experience in the process of exploring industrialization and modernization in various countries. According to the different development modes of different countries, the mode of relying on the advantages of natural resources to achieve development is called resource-based development mode; The mode of relying on the capital, market and technology of developed countries to realize development is called dependent development mode; A development model that takes scientific and technological innovation as the basic strategy, greatly improves the ability of independent innovation and forms an increasingly powerful competitive advantage is called an innovative development model. At present, international academic circles call such countries innovative countries, which are characterized by a significantly higher comprehensive index of innovation than other countries, a contribution rate of scientific and technological optimization of over 70%, a ratio of R&D investment of the whole society to GDP of over 2%, and an external dependence of technology of under 30%.

Looking at the development of New China in the past 50 years, although China has taken the step of developing into an innovative country, at present, China's high-tech industry is still in the stage of total expansion, and the comprehensive index of innovation ranks 28th in the world, which is at the lower level, and there is still a considerable gap from the innovative country. The competitiveness of high-tech industries has been improved, and the ability of independent innovation has been enhanced, but it is still at the low end in the international industrial division of labor; The market demand for high-tech products is large, but the market share of high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights is not high; The contribution rate of science and technology optimization is around 35%. All these show that China's independent research and development ability is low and its innovation ability is insufficient. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee pointed out that to realize the transformation of China's economic development strategy from resource-dependent and foreign technology-dependent to innovation-driven, we must understand independent innovation from a strategic perspective. At the beginning of the new year, the national science and technology conference was grandly opened in Beijing. General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Hu Jintao made an important speech entitled "Insist on the road of independent innovation with China characteristics and strive to build an innovative country". The overall goal of China is to enter the ranks of innovative countries by 2020, providing strong support for building a well-off society in an all-round way. To this end, it is necessary to thoroughly implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, and take strengthening the ability of independent innovation as the strategic basis of scientific and technological development and the central link of adjusting the industrial structure and changing the growth mode.

2 disadvantages of the traditional development model

In the past 27 years, exports driven by foreign capital and cheap labor, as well as government-led investment in fixed assets, have been the main driving forces for China's economic development. For a long time, relying on the combination of foreign investment and domestic cheap production factors, especially cheap labor and cheap resources, and relying on huge exports to developed countries, China has maintained a processing-export-oriented economic growth model. This model is particularly significant in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions. Relying on this model, we have achieved sustained and high-speed economic growth, a huge export scale, a large balance of payments surplus and rising foreign exchange reserves, which have largely solved the employment problem under the huge population pressure, especially the employment problem of agricultural transfer labor. It should be said that this development path is naturally formed and has its historical inevitability and economic rationality.

(1) The sustainability of population, resources and environment is poor. Although it is the most populous country in the world, it has unique working conditions. However, people are both workers and consumers. After the golden age of labor, it is mainly consumers who need to support. We can't maintain a steady supply of low-cost young and middle-aged labor forever, the growth rate of labor supply will continue to decrease, and the number of people who need to support will continue to increase. Even if the future labor force is rich, it will be a labor force with higher education, better skills and higher cost. The so-called "shortage of migrant workers" is just a small sign that the maintainability of cheap labor is still at the end of Lvping.

The quantity-led growth model has brought about environmental deterioration and loss of natural resources, and the problem of sustainability is more obvious. Resources and energy are in short supply and prices are soaring; The environment is overloaded, the pollution cost is greatly increased, and 80% of water resources are polluted, which brings health crisis. China consumed more than 26,543.8 billion tons of coal last year. According to the current consumption trend, China's coal consumption will double again in the next 10 year. According to BP energy statistics, China's coal reserves account for 12.6% of the world total, but its coal consumption accounts for13 of the world total. If the current trend continues, China may use up all its coal reserves within 40 years.

(2) the gap between economic growth and structural optimization and social development. Our economic growth rate is not high, and the scale expansion is not fast, but at the same time of high growth, the structural optimization of the economy is far behind, and the production capacity is obviously surplus, especially in the infrastructure field. The national industrial base and independent innovation ability are weak, and independent industries have not yet formed. In the existing international division of labor, we are at the end of the value chain for a long time, with large output but little money, and only rely on the sweat of cheap labor to earn meager processing fees. Although there is a huge market for consumer goods and electronic products in China, foreign brands dominate the market. Moreover, China's investment depends on foreign technology, and it has neither formed its own first-class brand nor developed mainstream technology. This has affected the economic returns of China government in mobilizing resources to start large-scale projects. If the current model continues, it will only lead to more waste and eventually slow down growth. At the same time, the dependence or even infatuation with low cost makes enterprises have to reduce costs by infringing on the interests of workers and even personal rights, resulting in poor conditions for migrant workers.

(3) Excessive trade surplus and foreign exchange reserves cause constant frictions and conflicts. China's current export scale is already very large. On this basis, it is difficult to maintain a high growth rate for a long time. From 1980 to 2005, China's exports increased by 4 1 times, with an average annual growth rate of 16%. Mathematically speaking, it is impossible for China to repeat such high-speed growth in the next 25 years or even in the next 10 year. If the current export growth continues for 10 years, China's exports will be greater than the total exports of Europe, Japan and the United States, which is impossible in reality.

3. Countermeasures to improve the ability of independent innovation and realize the transformation of development mode

(1) Vigorously cultivate innovative culture. Cultivate entrepreneurial spirit, team spirit and cooperative spirit, advocate an innovative culture that dares to take risks, encourages innovation, tolerates failure, encourages success, is open and inclusive, advocates competition, is full of passion, and avoids impetuousness, so that the whole society can fully understand the great significance of independent innovation, so that all creative aspirations conducive to social progress are respected, creative activities are encouraged, creative talents are brought into play, and creative achievements are affirmed. Establish a social atmosphere that advocates individualism and individual expression, stimulate people's independence and creativity, give full play to their great innovation potential, glow with special innovation spirit, and create a particularly excellent innovation environment.

(2) Strengthen intellectual property protection. Incorporate the intellectual property strategy into the construction of national innovation system, strengthen the government's leadership and organizational construction of intellectual property rights, improve the intellectual property protection system, establish an intellectual property protection system suitable for China's development stage, increase the enforcement of intellectual property protection, comprehensively use legal, economic and administrative means, strengthen the management and protection of intellectual property rights, establish a mechanism combining daily supervision with key inspections, strengthen supervision and inspection of the implementation of intellectual property laws, and actively create a good policy environment and an effective incentive mechanism to protect and guarantee them.

(3) weaken the power of the government and enhance the role of the market. The power of the government relative to the market is the main reason for the short-term behavior of China enterprises, the slow development of the private sector and the lack of intellectual property innovation. To promote the development of local technology and brands, the best policy is to weaken the power of the government and enhance the role of the market. China's economy is dominated by administrative forces rather than market rules. Existing market rules are often changed by officials at will. First of all, private enterprises are worried that the enterprise itself will be banned or bankrupt due to sudden changes in rules. In this case, enterprises cannot make long-term plans, so they have to focus on grasping short-term development opportunities. Secondly, for private enterprises, how to deal with the relationship with a strong government often becomes the core link of their business strategy. If you handle the relationship with officials well, you can create short-term advantages and earn more money. In addition, industry monopoly leads to unequal market competition. Due to the lack of motivation to improve management and product quality, it often hinders technological progress and industrial upgrading, hinders market-oriented reform, limits the living space of private enterprises, and reduces the competitiveness of China's economy. Therefore, the government's main task is to cultivate a competitive environment based on market rules, conscientiously implement the "Several Opinions of the State Council on Encouraging, Supporting and Guiding the Development of Non-public Economy such as Individual and Private Economy" issued on February 24, 2005, break the monopoly of the industry, adjust the economic structure, relax market access, and realize diversification of investment subjects and property rights.

(4) in the field of labor protection and social policy, strengthening law enforcement has forced enterprises to turn to independent development and technological innovation. Once the economy takes off and the living standard improves, the advantage of labor cost will be lost; Therefore, we must use the accumulation of initial development in time to improve the industrial level and make a transition to a high-paying society. It is in this sense that the "shortage of migrant workers" and the rising wages of migrant workers are good things and the spontaneous revision of the low-cost model by the market. On the one hand, it can improve the income level and welfare status of this social group, which is conducive to social harmony; On the other hand, it can create a kind of pressure on the old development model, so that enterprises have to turn to more advanced activities instead of simple processing and manufacturing, and turn the whole economy to a development track based on high value-added activities, and then turn to independent development and innovation.

It is necessary to further protect the rights and interests of workers through legislation and effective implementation of existing laws and regulations. Establish labor insurance system, labor and working environment standards, rest and vacation system, minimum wage standard, strict restrictions on overtime and high compensation system. Strictly limit the resource consumption and environmental impact of enterprises' production activities, determine reasonable energy and resource prices, levy resource taxes, formulate and conscientiously implement stricter environmental standards, force polluting enterprises to install environmental protection equipment and facilities, impose heavy penalties on environmental pollution behaviors, and promote enterprises to form innovative, economical and environmentally friendly production models.

(5) The government provides policy support to enhance the independent innovation ability of enterprises. Through complete policy support, we will enhance the internal motivation of technological innovation of enterprises, guide enterprises to increase investment in technological research and development, accelerate the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and make enterprises truly become the main body of technological innovation. Implement tax incentives for independent innovative industries and economic activities, increase the pre-tax income deduction of enterprise R&D investment, allow enterprises to accelerate the depreciation of equipment and instruments used for research and development, and reduce the income tax of high-tech enterprises; Encourage banks, securities, insurance, funds and other financial institutions to strengthen financial services support for innovative enterprises, and implement supporting investment in scientific and technological research and development funds for venture capital; Establish a government procurement audit system to continuously increase the proportion of new products and services in government procurement; Adhere to the direction of enterprise transformation of applied development research institutes; Taking the participation of technical factors in distribution as an important part of the reform of enterprise property rights system will stimulate and mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of the majority of scientific and technological personnel.

(6) Increase investment in education and scientific research, and carry out technological innovation by building research universities. ① Increase investment in education, develop education and improve the quality of the whole people. In terms of talents, the total population of China is only 1.5%, that of India is 6%, and that of the United States, Europe and Japan is about 20%. 1993 released the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China, which stated that the national fiscal expenditure on education should account for 4% of GDP by the end of the 20th century. It reached the highest level of 3.445438+0% in 2002 and 2.4438+06% in 2005. In 2005 alone, if it is 4%, it will cost 200 billion less. Therefore, we should conscientiously implement the People's Republic of China (PRC) Compulsory Education Law (Revised Draft) passed on June 4, 2006 to ensure the education funds. At the same time, vocational and technical education should be strategically emphasized. Independent scientific research and innovation enable China enterprises to have more high value-added production contents, and higher technology and technological level can transform these contents into better products. (2) Building a large-scale research university is the key to China's technological development, and research universities should return to the teaching and research standard. At present, China's investment in higher education is about 19% ~ 20% of the total education funds. Many countries in the world are 22% ~ 25%. Once China's universities become famous, they will try to use this fame as capital to make money, while teaching and scientific research will face recession. This situation needs to change. We should strictly define the scope of work that professors can participate in outside the university faculty. In addition, it is necessary to dispel the idea that university professors use their affiliation with universities to make money, let them return to teaching and scientific research, and put teaching and scientific research in a more important position than commercial interests. ③ Increase investment in scientific research and improve the efficiency of capital utilization. In the past 20 years, the proportion of R&D expenditure in GDP (that is, "R&D density") has increased, but it has never reached 2%. Until recently it reached about 1. 1%. In foreign countries, more than 70% of research project funds are used for the remuneration and expenditure of project leaders and market recruiting research forces; In China, 80% of the project funds are used for the equipment construction of departments, even if a small part is used for personnel, it is rarely used for recruiting personnel in the market, and more depends on the personnel of the unit. For scientific research institutes in colleges and universities, the existing policies and resource allocation to encourage scientific and technological innovation basically continue the practice of "setting up points" vertically and focusing on "building points", still with the color of traditional planned economy. American-style research fund system should be adopted to improve the efficiency of fund use.