Ancient folk beliefs. That is, witchcraft has hurt the enemy. Originated in ancient times, including curses, shooting dolls (I hate winning) and poison methods. Curses have become very popular in primitive society. The ancients believed that cursing with words could hurt the enemy personally or the enemy country. ! ! Witchcraft has existed since Qin and Han Dynasties, and laws in Han and Tang Dynasties explicitly prohibit witchcraft. For example, the law of the Han Dynasty stipulates that if a person's family keeps bugs that have formed and caused death, then this person will be put to death and his family will be exiled for three thousand miles. There were similar regulations in the Tang Dynasty, in which the unformed ones were raised and exiled, and the formed ones were beheaded. Follow-up: Isn't witchcraft invisible? How did it become a tangible method? A: The superstitious method of using magic to harm people: make an enemy's idol out of wood, mud or paper cloth, hide it somewhere, curse it every day, or shoot arrows or acupuncture, thinking that this will make the enemy sick and die. Example: In the later years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the traitor Jiang Chong lied that the illness of Emperor Wu was caused by witchcraft, and all the princes and their families were killed, resulting in tens of thousands of casualties before and after his death. In the twenty-fifth and eighty-first chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, Aunt Zhao bribed the paper cutter and puppet maker of the witch Ma Daopo to set up Xifeng and Jia Baoyu, which also belonged to this category. Studies have proved that it is a rumor that Miao people have magic. Please listen to the opinions of the parties, local people, experts and scholars, and don't spread rumors. See Pan Wen's master thesis Miao People and Magic for details. Three seedlings. Com (Miao networking) has the full text: Miao people and wonders. Although today's Han society often imagines that Miao people can play magic, the Han people have a longer concept of magic. Witchcraft imagination and accusation in Han society have a long history. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Li Fengge, a squire of Zhengding Prefecture (now Hebei Province), wrote "Burning Rhinoceros by Driving Out". Today, imagination and criticism of the release law still exist in some areas of Fujian. Methods are often associated with the causes of diseases. As a speculation on the etiology, the concept of method reflects people's cognitive way. From a pathogenic insect to a generalized pathogenic virus, and then to a disease name with no clear definition, the usage of separating the disease name from the syndrome name appeared later. The change of the meaning of [1] "ancient" has always reflected the basic characteristics of imagination and hypothesis. Traditional Chinese medicine has not been able to get rid of the shackles of imagination for a long time. The diagnosis of diseases by TCM makes the accusations of witchcraft covered by the facts of diseases. Witches and methods have their own meanings. The combination of witchcraft is used to refer to black witchcraft. Later, it refers to a kind of black witchcraft related to the use of magic, or witchcraft is the imagination of a kind of witchcraft with magic. Influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, the concept of ghosts and gods in Han society has evolved. The imagination of the cause is combined with the imagination of using black magic. In this combination process, anecdotes played an important role. Traditional Chinese medicine's treatment of "ancient diseases" is based on the imagination of etiology and black witchcraft. Such an idea about evil individuals and their spells was also derived. People are afraid of disease or witchcraft. The oppression of disease is associated with imaginary evil. These evil people have become enemies of society. Whether government officials, wizards, doctors, monks, Taoist priests, or compilers of mystery novels, historical books and local chronicles, they will accuse witches of evil and crimes in their own ways, or soothe patients' pain and doubts, or spread preventive methods and coping methods. They are as afraid of evil witchcraft as ghosts and gods. People imagine that people with "magic" are demonized. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Han people have frequent contacts with ethnic minorities in southern China. A large number of Han immigrants came from Jiangnan to what they thought was a wild land, facing unfamiliar natural environment and hostile ethnic minorities around them. They suffer from new diseases and difficulties. Traditional Chinese medicine's explanation of these diseases and unfriendly ethnic groups around them aroused their belief in witchcraft in history. They use the concept of witchcraft to explain diseases, and also use it to prosecute and plunder ethnic minorities. Sardonar Lee pointed out some reasons for this rumor about ethnic minorities. However, due to the lack of field investigation, there are some defects in the detailed analysis. For example, when discussing Yao divination, the author accidentally confused Yao witchcraft with witchcraft. [2] This difference is just like "divination" in Zhouyi, which has nothing to do with our definition of witchcraft. This witchcraft imagination of Miao people not only happened to Han Chinese as immigrants, but also happened to many "aborigines". Zhuang, Buyi and Dong people with a high degree of sinicization also imagine the evil of Miao people living in the mountains. No matter the imagination of Han people, Zhuang people, Buyi people and Dong people, it has played a practical role in strengthening national boundaries and maintaining national distance in real life. When Zhuang, Buyi and Dong imagine the danger of Miao witchcraft, they are also dangerous in the imagination of Han people. [3] Mr. Wang Mingke described the phenomenon of Qiang people's "cursing one by one" in "Sino-Tibetan Qiang Language". In the ethnic chain of witchcraft accusations, Han people imagine and accuse ethnic minorities, especially Miao people of witchcraft; Zhuang people and Dong people, although also imagined by Han people, are also imagined by Miao people. Strangely, this imaginary relationship is one-way between ethnic groups, and Han people will not be imagined as treasure-jugglers. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Han people have entered a large number of areas where Miao people live in compact communities. In the cultural communication between Miao and Han people, the witchcraft concept of Han people may enter Miao society through wizards, medical skills and literary works, and be internalized by Miao people. The concept of witchcraft was introduced into Miao society by Han wizards, doctors, literati and Miao wizards (or other wizards) influenced by this concept, and combined with the original concept of ghosts and gods in Miao society. This formed the concept of witchcraft in Miao society. Judging from the witchcraft legends and stories in Miao society, it is likely to be transformed from the witchcraft concept of Han people. Those who move here with small families, poor social relations and bad reputation can easily become victims of witchcraft accusations in Miao society. They generally lack the ability and conditions to counter rumors. Some of them have been rejected and accused and passed down from generation to generation. The belief in witchcraft in Miao society has formed related marriage taboos. Miao people's strong belief in ghosts and gods, reverence for ancestors, simplicity and kindness, and jealousy of evil make witchcraft belief exist for a long time and cannot be eliminated. The legend of "witch" is often put at two extremes, one is beauty; One is ugly. Are all unusual characteristics. By emphasizing this feature, we can also emphasize their identity as the other. For the beautiful "witch girl", there is often the influence of gender consciousness. Some lepers have the same legend. In addition, there may be a certain proportion of "prostitutes" whose appearance is influenced by consanguineous marriage. People who are slandered by rumors are often described as handsome men and beautiful women. Because these families are much larger than ordinary families, the author dares to speculate that they drowned disabled children. Limited resources are used to cultivate healthy and excellent people. These men and women who are excluded from the main intermarriage circle all have considerable appearance, and the characteristics of appearance have been strengthened after the marriage of close relatives. Therefore, the beauty of the "witch girl" may have a certain realistic basis in addition to the great imagination. According to the following statement, it is proved that the Miao people have magic. Please listen to the opinions of the parties, local people, experts and scholars, and don't spread rumors. See Pan Wen's master thesis Miao People and Magic, and Sanmiao for details. Com (Miao United Network) has the full text.